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Recent research has demonstrated that transformers, particularly linear attention models, implicitly execute gradient-descent-like algorithms on data provided in-context during their forward inference step. However, their capability in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Max Vladymyrov , Johannes von Oswald , Mark Sandler , Rong Ge

Transformer architectures are typically described in algorithmic and statistical terms, leaving their internal mechanics without a familiar structural language for researchers trained in physical theories. To bridge this gap, we develop a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-03-18 Po-Hao Chang

Machine learning is increasingly targeting areas where input data cannot be accurately described by a single vector, but can be modeled instead using the more flexible concept of random vectors, namely probability measures or more simply…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-21 Gwendoline de Bie , Gabriel Peyré , Marco Cuturi

Transformers play a central role in the inner workings of large language models. We develop a mathematical framework for analyzing Transformers based on their interpretation as interacting particle systems, which reveals that clusters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Borjan Geshkovski , Cyril Letrouit , Yury Polyanskiy , Philippe Rigollet

Transformer architectures, capable of capturing sequential dependencies in the history of user interactions, have become the dominant approach in sequential recommender systems. Despite their success, such models consider sequence elements…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Artur Gimranov , Viacheslav Yusupov , Elfat Sabitov , Tatyana Matveeva , Anton Lysenko , Ruslan Israfilov , Evgeny Frolov

The Transformer is a highly successful deep learning model that has revolutionised the world of artificial neural networks, first in natural language processing and later in computer vision. This model is based on the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Ughi , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

Transductive tasks on graphs differ fundamentally from typical supervised machine learning tasks, as the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) assumption does not hold among samples. Instead, all train/test/validation samples are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Hamed Shirzad , Honghao Lin , Ameya Velingker , Balaji Venkatachalam , David Woodruff , Danica Sutherland

Transformers have dominated empirical machine learning models of natural language processing. In this paper, we introduce basic concepts of Transformers and present key techniques that form the recent advances of these models. This includes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Transformers are neural networks that revolutionized natural language processing and machine learning. They process sequences of inputs, like words, using a mechanism called self-attention, which is trained via masked language modeling…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-04-17 Riccardo Rende , Federica Gerace , Alessandro Laio , Sebastian Goldt

We investigate the relationship between the geometry of token embeddings and their role in the next token prediction within transformer models. An important aspect of this connection uses the notion of empirical measure, which encodes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Karthik Viswanathan , Yuri Gardinazzi , Giada Panerai , Alberto Cazzaniga , Matteo Biagetti

Transformers are widely used in natural language processing due to their ability to model longer-term dependencies in text. Although these models achieve state-of-the-art performance for many language related tasks, their applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Nicholas Geneva , Nicholas Zabaras

Transformers have achieved remarkable success across natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). However, deep transformer models often suffer from an over-smoothing issue, in which token representations converge to similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Satoshi Noguchi , Yoshinobu Kawahara

We introduce a Graph Transformer framework that serves as a general inverse physics engine on meshes, demonstrated through the challenging task of reconstructing aerodynamic flow fields from sparse surface measurements. While deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Gregory Duthé , Imad Abdallah , Eleni Chatzi

Transformers have recently emerged as a powerful tool for learning visual representations. In this paper, we identify and characterize artifacts in feature maps of both supervised and self-supervised ViT networks. The artifacts correspond…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Timothée Darcet , Maxime Oquab , Julien Mairal , Piotr Bojanowski

Transformers are extremely successful machine learning models whose mathematical properties remain poorly understood. Here, we rigorously characterize the behavior of transformers with hardmax self-attention and normalization sublayers as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Albert Alcalde , Giovanni Fantuzzi , Enrique Zuazua

Convolution neural networks (CNNs) have succeeded in compressive image sensing. However, due to the inductive bias of locality and weight sharing, the convolution operations demonstrate the intrinsic limitations in modeling the long-range…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Dongjie Ye , Zhangkai Ni , Hanli Wang , Jian Zhang , Shiqi Wang , Sam Kwong

Despite their central role in the success of foundational models and large-scale language modeling, the theoretical foundations governing the operation of Transformers remain only partially understood. Contemporary research has largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Sagar Ghosh , Kushal Bose , Swagatam Das

Transformer-based models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many natural language processing tasks. The self-attention architecture allows transformer to combine information from all elements of a sequence into context-aware…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mikhail S. Burtsev , Yuri Kuratov , Anton Peganov , Grigory V. Sapunov

Feed-forward networks are widely used in cross-modal applications to bridge modalities by mapping distributed vectors of one modality to the other, or to a shared space. The predicted vectors are then used to perform e.g., retrieval or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-05 Guillem Collell , Marie-Francine Moens

The Transformer architecture has inarguably revolutionized deep learning, overtaking classical architectures like multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). At its core, the attention block differs in form and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Weronika Ormaniec , Felix Dangel , Sidak Pal Singh