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Sampling from unnormalized target distributions, e.g.\ Boltzmann distributions $\mu_{\text{target}}(x) \propto \exp(-E(x)/T)$, is fundamental to many scientific applications yet computationally challenging due to complex, high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-22 Niclas Dern , Lennart Redl , Sebastian Pfister , Marcel Kollovieh , David Lüdke , Stephan Günnemann

A Boltzmann machine is a stochastic neural network that has been extensively used in the layers of deep architectures for modern machine learning applications. In this paper, we develop a Boltzmann machine that is capable of modelling…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-10-18 Giacomo Torlai , Roger G. Melko

Molecular dynamics is the primary computational method by which modern structural biology explores macromolecule structure and function. Boltzmann generators have been proposed as an alternative to molecular dynamics, by replacing the…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Congzhou M. Sha , Jian Wang , Nikolay V. Dokholyan

Random graph models are frequently used as a controllable and versatile data source for experimental campaigns in various research fields. Generating such data-sets at scale is a non-trivial task as it requires design decisions typically…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Manuel Penschuck , Ulrik Brandes , Michael Hamann , Sebastian Lamm , Ulrich Meyer , Ilya Safro , Peter Sanders , Christian Schulz

Restricted Boltzmann Machines are simple and powerful generative models that can encode any complex dataset. Despite all their advantages, in practice the trainings are often unstable and it is difficult to assess their quality because the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Nicolas Béreux , Aurélien Decelle , Cyril Furtlehner , Beatriz Seoane

We introduce a random matrix framework for studying statistical-mechanical lattice systems through spectral observables. Equilibrium configurations sampled from a Boltzmann measure are mapped to matrix ensembles whose covariance structure…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-05-21 Yaprak Önder , Abbas Ali Saberi , Roderich Moessner

Crystalline materials are a fundamental component in next-generation technologies, yet modeling their distribution presents unique computational challenges. Of the plausible arrangements of atoms in a periodic lattice only a vanishingly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Benjamin Kurt Miller , Ricky T. Q. Chen , Anuroop Sriram , Brandon M Wood

In past decades, enormous effort has been expended to develop algorithms and even to construct special-purpose computers in order to efficiently evaluate total energies and forces for long-range-interacting particle systems, with the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-10-14 Gabriele Tartero , Werner Krauth

Generative models, particularly normalizing flows, have shown exceptional performance in learning probability distributions across various domains of physics, including statistical mechanics, collider physics, and lattice field theory. In…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-01-14 Dominic Schuh , Janik Kreit , Evan Berkowitz , Lena Funcke , Thomas Luu , Kim A. Nicoli , Marcel Rodekamp

Sampling physical systems with rough energy landscapes is hindered by rare events and metastable trapping. While Boltzmann generators already offer a solution, their reliance on the reverse Kullback--Leibler divergence frequently induces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Guang Lin , Christian Moya , Di Qi , Xuda Ye

Accurate calculations of solvation free energies remain a central challenge in molecular simulations, often requiring extensive sampling and numerous alchemical intermediates to ensure sufficient overlap between phase-space distributions of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-02 Maximilian Schebek , Nikolas M. Froböse , Bettina G. Keller , Jutta Rogal

Current state-of-the-art generative models map noise to data distributions by matching flows or scores. A key limitation of these models is their inability to readily integrate available partial observations and additional priors. In…

The discovery of novel solid-state materials, such as electrocatalysts, super-ionic conductors, or photovoltaic materials, plays a critical role in addressing various global challenges. It has, for instance, the potential to significantly…

Boltzmann generators approach the sampling problem in many-body physics by combining a normalizing flow and a statistical reweighting method to generate samples of a physical system's equilibrium density. The equilibrium distribution is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-12-02 Manuel Dibak , Leon Klein , Frank Noé

A GPU-accelerated version of the lattice Boltzmann method for efficient simulation of soft materials is introduced. Unlike standard approaches, this method reconstructs the distribution functions from available hydrodynamic variables…

We present a scalable technique for upper bounding the Lipschitz constant of generative models. We relate this quantity to the maximal norm over the set of attainable vector-Jacobian products of a given generative model. We approximate this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Matt Jordan , Alexandros G. Dimakis

Taking advantage of the advances in generative deep learning, particularly normalizing flow, a framework, called Boltzmann Generator, has recently been proposed for the purpose of generating equilibrium atomic configurations from the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-07-27 Rasool Ahmad , Wei Cai

A multi-component lattice Boltzmann model recently introduced (R. Benzi et al. Phys. Rev. Lett 102, 026002 (2009)) to describe some dynamical behaviors of soft-flowing materials is theoretically analyzed. Equilibrium and transport…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-05-13 R. Benzi , M. Sbragaglia , S. Succi , M. Bernaschi , S. Chibbaro

One of the greatest challenges facing our society is the discovery of new innovative crystal materials with specific properties. Recently, the problem of generating crystal materials has received increasing attention, however, it remains…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-06-08 Astrid Klipfel , Yaël Frégier , Adlane Sayede , Zied Bouraoui

Crystal generative models have shown rapid progress for accelerating the discovery of bulk, periodic materials. However, many material systems such as 2D superconductors, thin film semiconductors, and catalytic surfaces are diperiodic,…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-05-12 Rees Chang , Andrew Novick , Ryan P Adams , Elif Ertekin