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Related papers: Fingerprinting LLMs via Prompt Injection

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Fingerprinting Large Language Models (LLMs)is essential for provenance verification and model attribution. Existing fingerprinting methods are primarily evaluated after fine-tuning, where models have already acquired stable signatures from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yao Tong , Haonan Wang , Siquan Li , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tianyang Hu

Recent advances confirm that large language models (LLMs) can achieve state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. However, due to the resource-intensive nature of training LLMs from scratch, it is urgent and crucial to protect the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Zhiguang Yang , Hanzhou Wu

The behavior of LLMs does not depend solely on the model itself. Components of the inference system, such as the inference engine, attention backend, and hardware platform, subtly influence how inputs are processed. These components differ…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Anna Wimbauer , Jonas Möller , Erik Imgrund , Konrad Rieck

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into many technological ecosystems across various domains and industries, identifying which model is deployed or being interacted with is critical for the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Saeif Alhazbi , Ahmed Mohamed Hussain , Gabriele Oligeri , Panos Papadimitratos

The exorbitant cost of training Large language models (LLMs) from scratch makes it essential to fingerprint the models to protect intellectual property via ownership authentication and to ensure downstream users and developers comply with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Jiashu Xu , Fei Wang , Mingyu Derek Ma , Pang Wei Koh , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

We introduce LLMmap, a first-generation fingerprinting technique targeted at LLM-integrated applications. LLMmap employs an active fingerprinting approach, sending carefully crafted queries to the application and analyzing the responses to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Dario Pasquini , Evgenios M. Kornaropoulos , Giuseppe Ateniese

The widespread deployment and redistribution of large language models (LLMs) have made model provenance tracking a critical challenge. While existing LLM fingerprinting methods, particularly active approaches that embed identity signals via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Sixu Chen , Xiang Chen , Hongyao Yu , Jiaxin Hong , Hao Fang , Shuoyang Sun , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia

Protecting the intellectual property of large language models (LLMs) is a critical challenge due to the proliferation of unauthorized derivative models. We introduce a novel fingerprinting framework that leverages the behavioral patterns…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

AI developers are releasing large language models (LLMs) under a variety of different licenses. Many of these licenses restrict the ways in which the models or their outputs may be used. This raises the question how license violations may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yun-Yun Tsai , Chuan Guo , Junfeng Yang , Laurens van der Maaten

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant attention in recent years. Due to their "Large" nature, training LLMs from scratch consumes immense computational resources. Since several major players in the artificial intelligence…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Heng Jin , Chaoyu Zhang , Shanghao Shi , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

Fingerprinting refers to the process of identifying underlying Machine Learning (ML) models of AI Systemts, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), by analyzing their unique characteristics or patterns, much like a human fingerprint. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Devansh Bhardwaj , Naman Mishra

As content generated by Large Language Model (LLM) has grown exponentially, the ability to accurately identify and fingerprint such text has become increasingly crucial. In this work, we introduce a novel black-box approach for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Dmitri Iourovitski , Sanat Sharma , Rakshak Talwar

The substantial investment required to develop Large Language Models (LLMs) makes them valuable intellectual property, raising significant concerns about copyright protection. LLM fingerprinting has emerged as a key technique to address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Shuo Shao , Yiming Li , Hongwei Yao , Yifei Chen , Yuchen Yang , Zhan Qin

Despite recent advances, Large Language Models remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass alignment safeguards and elicit harmful outputs. While prior research has proposed various attack strategies differing in human readability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Havva Alizadeh Noughabi , Julien Serbanescu , Fattane Zarrinkalam , Ali Dehghantanha

With the rapid development of large language models, the generation of fake news has become increasingly effortless, posing a growing societal threat and underscoring the urgent need for reliable detection methods. Early efforts to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chi Wang , Min Gao , Zongwei Wang , Junwei Yin , Kai Shu , Chenghua Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have distinct and consistent stylistic fingerprints, even when prompted to write in different writing styles. Detecting these fingerprints is important for many reasons, among them protecting intellectual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yehonatan Bitton , Elad Bitton , Shai Nisan

Protecting the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become increasingly critical due to the high cost of training. Model merging, which integrates multiple expert models into a single multi-task model, introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Shojiro Yamabe , Futa Waseda , Tsubasa Takahashi , Koki Wataoka

Most LLM fingerprinting methods teach the model to respond to a few fixed queries with predefined atypical responses (keys). This memorization often does not survive common deployment steps such as finetuning or quantization, and such keys…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) in many applications, from customer service chat bots and software development assistants to more capable agentic systems necessitates research into how to secure these systems. Attacks like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Erick Galinkin , Martin Sablotny

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a popular tool as they have significantly advanced in their capability to tackle a wide range of language-based tasks. However, LLMs applications are highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Md Abdur Rahman , Fan Wu , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed
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