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Complex extension of quantum mechanics and the discovery of pseudo-unitarily invariant random matrix theory has set the stage for a number of applications of these concepts in physics. We briefly review the basic ideas and present…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-13 Shashi. C. L. Srivastava , S. R. Jain

The nature of randomness and complexity growth in systems governed by unitary dynamics is a fundamental question in quantum many-body physics. This problem has motivated the study of models such as local random circuits and their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Laura Cui , Thomas Schuster , Liang Mao , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Fernando Brandao

Random unitaries are useful in quantum information and related fields, but hard to generate with limited resources. An approximate unitary $k$-design is an ensemble of unitaries with an underlying measure over which the average is close to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-09 Nicholas LaRacuente , Felix Leditzky

Recent active studies have demonstrated that cryptography without one-way functions (OWFs) could be possible in the quantum world. Many fundamental primitives that are natural quantum analogs of OWFs or pseudorandom generators (PRGs) have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-06 Minki Hhan , Shogo Yamada

We construct a quantum oracle relative to which $\mathsf{BQP} = \mathsf{QMA}$ but cryptographic pseudorandom quantum states and pseudorandom unitary transformations exist, a counterintuitive result in light of the fact that pseudorandom…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-20 William Kretschmer

Unitary $2$-designs are random unitaries simulating up to the second order statistical moments of the uniformly distributed random unitaries, often referred to as Haar random unitaries. They are used in a wide variety of theoretical and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-01 Yoshifumi Nakata , Christoph Hirche , Ciara Morgan , Andreas Winter

Pseudorandom circuits generate quantum states and unitary operators which are approximately distributed according to the unitarily invariant Haar measure. We explore how several design parameters affect the efficiency of pseudo-random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yaakov S. Weinstein , Winton G. Brown , Lorenza Viola

Program obfuscation aims to conceal a program's internal structure while preserving its functionality. A central open problem is whether an obfuscation scheme for arbitrary quantum circuits exists. Despite several efforts having been made…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Miryam Mi-Ying Huang , Er-Cheng Tang

We introduce the pseudorandom quantum authentication scheme (PQAS), an efficient method for encrypting quantum states that relies solely on the existence of pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs). The scheme guarantees that for any eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Tobias Haug , Nikhil Bansal , Wai-Keong Mok , Dax Enshan Koh , Kishor Bharti

A pseudorandom code is a keyed error-correction scheme with the property that any polynomial number of encodings appear random to any computationally bounded adversary. We show that the pseudorandomness of any code tolerating a constant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Sanjam Garg , Sam Gunn , Mingyuan Wang

In this work we give an efficient construction of unitary $k$-designs using $\tilde{O}(k\cdot poly(n))$ quantum gates, as well as an efficient construction of a parallel-secure pseudorandom unitary (PRU). Both results are obtained by giving…

Random circuits giving rise to unitary designs are key tools in quantum information science and many-body physics. In this work, we investigate a class of random quantum circuits with a specific gate structure. Within this framework, we…

Random unitaries are a central object of study in quantum information, with applications to quantum computation, quantum many-body physics, and quantum cryptography. Recent work has constructed unitary designs and pseudorandom unitaries…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Ben Foxman , Natalie Parham , Francisca Vasconcelos , Henry Yuen

Common random string model is a popular model in classical cryptography with many constructions proposed in this model. We study a quantum analogue of this model called the common Haar state model, which was also studied in an independent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-11 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

A pseudorandom quantum state (PRS) is an ensemble of quantum states indistinguishable from Haar-random states to observers with efficient quantum computers. It allows one to substitute the costly Haar-random state with efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Andrew Tanggara , Mile Gu , Kishor Bharti

The applications of random quantum circuits range from quantum computing and quantum many-body systems to the physics of black holes. Many of these applications are related to the generation of quantum pseudorandomness: Random quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 Jonas Haferkamp

We consider the task of constructing pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) with scalable security, i.e. families in which the security parameter may vary independently of the dimension (or input bit-length). It is not known whether scalable PRUs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Zvika Brakerski , Henry Yuen

We propose the concept of pseudorandom states and study their constructions, properties, and applications. Under the assumption that quantum-secure one-way functions exist, we present concrete and efficient constructions of pseudorandom…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-28 Zhengfeng Ji , Yi-Kai Liu , Fang Song

We consider pseudo-unitary quantum systems and discuss various properties of pseudo-unitary operators. In particular we prove a characterization theorem for block-diagonalizable pseudo-unitary operators with finite-dimensional diagonal…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Ali Mostafazadeh

Pseudorandmness plays an important role in number theory, complexity theory and cryptography. Our aim is to use models of arithmetic to explain pseudorandomness by randomness. To this end we construct a set of models $\cal M$, a common…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-10-18 Pavel Pudlak