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Tool-augmented LLM agents raise new security risks: tool executions can introduce runtime-only behaviors, including prompt injection and unintended exposure of external inputs (e.g., environment secrets or local files). While existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zhuoran Tan , Run Hao , Jeremy Singer , Yutian Tang , Christos Anagnostopoulos

The rapid development of the AI agent communication protocols, including the Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent2Agent (A2A), Agora, and Agent Network Protocol (ANP), is reshaping how AI agents communicate with tools, services, and each…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zeynab Anbiaee , Mahdi Rabbani , Mansur Mirani , Gunjan Piya , Igor Opushnyev , Ali Ghorbani , Sajjad Dadkhah

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a standard specification that defines how Foundation Model (FM)-based agents should interact with external systems by invoking tools. However, to understand a tool's purpose and features, FMs rely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is rapidly emerging as a pivotal open standard, designed to enhance agent-tool integration and interoperability, and is positioned to unlock a new era of powerful, interconnected, and genuinely utilitarian…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zikang Guo , Benfeng Xu , Chiwei Zhu , Wentao Hong , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao

We describe scalable protocols for solving the secure multi-party computation (MPC) problem among a large number of parties. We consider both the synchronous and the asynchronous communication models. In the synchronous setting, our…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-09-29 Varsha Dani , Valerie King , Mahnush Movahedi , Jared Saia , Mahdi Zamani

AI agents increasingly call external tools (file system, network, APIs) through the Model Context Protocol (MCP). These tool calls are the agent's syscalls -- privileged operations with side effects on shared state -- yet today's safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Daeyeon Son

Healthcare AI systems have historically faced challenges in merging contextual reasoning, long-term state management, and human-verifiable workflows into a cohesive framework. This paper introduces a completely innovative architecture and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Zag ElSayed , Craig Erickson , Ernest Pedapati

The MCP Solver bridges Large Language Models (LLMs) with symbolic solvers through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), an open-source standard for AI system integration. Providing LLMs access to formal solving and reasoning capabilities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Stefan Szeider

Recent advances in the Model Context Protocol (MCP) have enabled large language models (LLMs) to invoke external tools with unprecedented ease. This creates a new class of powerful and tool augmented agents. Unfortunately, this capability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yulin Shen , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

A high volume of recent ML security literature focuses on attacks against aligned large language models (LLMs). These attacks may extract private information or coerce the model into producing harmful outputs. In real-world deployments,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ang Li , Yin Zhou , Vethavikashini Chithrra Raghuram , Tom Goldstein , Micah Goldblum

Mobile collaborative learning (MCL) is extensively recognized field all over the world. It demonstrates the cerebral approach combining the several technology to handle the problem of learning. MCL motivates the social and educational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-09-19 Abdul Razaque , Khald. M. Elleithy

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers contain a collection of thousands of open-source standardized tools, linking LLMs to external systems; however, existing datasets and benchmarks lack realistic, human-like user queries, remaining a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Shubh Laddha , Lucas Changbencharoen , Win Kuptivej , Surya Shringla , Archana Vaidheeswaran , Yash Bhaskar

Large Language Model (LLM) agents remain vulnerable to safety threats from the external environment, where attackers inject adversarial content into external observations such as tool-returned data, webpages, or MCP context, causing harmful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yongxiang Li , Moxin Li , Zhixin Ma , Fengbin Zhu , Dongrui Liu , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

AI/ML model cards can contain a benchmarked evaluation of an AI/ML model against intended use but a one time assessment during model training does not get at how and where a model is actually used over its lifetime. Through Patra Model…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Beth Plale , Neelesh Karthikeyan , Isuru Gamage , Joe Stubbs , Sachith Withana

Explicit modeling of capabilities and skills -- whether based on ontologies, Asset Administration Shells, or other technologies -- requires considerable manual effort and often results in representations that are not easily accessible to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva , Aljosha Köcher , Felix Gehlhoff

AI-assisted developer services are increasingly embedded in modern IDEs, yet enterprises must ensure these tools operate within existing identity, access control, and governance requirements. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Manideep Reddy Chinthareddy

Since the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP), the number of available tools for Large Language Models (LLMs) has increased significantly. These task-specific tool sets offer an alternative to general-purpose tools such as web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Reza Esfandiarpoor , Vishwas Suryanarayanan , Stephen H. Bach , Vishal Chowdhary , Anthony Aue

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a widely adopted interface for LLM agents to invoke external tools, yet learned monitoring of MCP tool-call traffic remains underexplored. In this article, the proposed detector is presented as an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Sultan Zavrak

Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that is becoming essential for several critical systems, making it a good target for threat actors. Threat actors exploit different Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Lionel Nganyewou Tidjon , Foutse Khomh

Large language models (LLMs) and LLM-based agents have been widely deployed in a wide range of applications in the real world, including healthcare diagnostics, financial analysis, customer support, robotics, and autonomous driving,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Wenrui Xu , Keshab K. Parhi
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