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Advances in generative AI, the proliferation of large multimodal models (LMMs), and democratized open access to these technologies have direct implications for the production and diffusion of misinformation. In this prequel, we address…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Sachin Pathiyan Cherumanal , Ujwal Gadiraju , Damiano Spina

In this paper, we assess existing technical proposals for content moderation in End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) services. First, we explain the various tools in the content moderation toolbox, how they are used, and the different phases of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Seny Kamara , Mallory Knodel , Emma Llansó , Greg Nojeim , Lucy Qin , Dhanaraj Thakur , Caitlin Vogus

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled sophisticated audio generation and voice cloning technologies, posing significant security risks for applications reliant on voice authentication. While existing datasets and…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Kunyang Huang , Bin Hu

As AI chatbots become ubiquitous, voice interaction presents a compelling way to enable rapid, high-bandwidth communication for both semantic and social signals. This has driven research into Large Audio Models (LAMs) to power voice-native…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Minzhi Li , William Barr Held , Michael J Ryan , Kunat Pipatanakul , Potsawee Manakul , Hao Zhu , Diyi Yang

Static benchmarks for harmful content detection face limitations in scalability and diversity, and may also be affected by contamination from web-scale pre-training corpora. To address these issues, we propose a framework for synthesizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Huije Lee , Jisu Shin , Hoyun Song , Changgeon Ko , Jong C. Park

Membrane-type Acoustic Metamaterials (MAMs) have demonstrated unusual capacity in controlling low-frequency sound transmission/reflection. In this paper, an analytical vibroacoustic membrane model is developed to study sound transmission…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-06-17 Yangyang Chen , Xiaoming Zhou , Gengkai Hu , Chin-Teh Sun , Guoliang Huang

Current studies have exposed the risk of Large Language Models (LLMs) generating harmful content by jailbreak attacks. However, they overlook that the direct generation of harmful content from scratch is more difficult than inducing LLM to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yu Yan , Sheng Sun , Zenghao Duan , Teli Liu , Min Liu , Zhiyi Yin , Jingyu Lei , Qi Li

Mutation testing is a technique aimed at assessing the effectiveness of test suites by seeding artificial faults into programs. Although available for many platforms and languages, no mutation testing tool is currently available for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Michael Ferdinando Urrico , Diego Clerissi , Leonardo Mariani

In the digital age, hate speech poses a threat to the functioning of social media platforms as spaces for public discourse. Top-down approaches to moderate hate speech encounter difficulties due to conflicts with freedom of expression and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Jana Lasser , Alina Herderich , Joshua Garland , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , David Garcia , Mirta Galesic

Content moderation and toxicity classification represent critical tasks with significant social implications. However, studies have shown that major classification models exhibit tendencies to magnify or reduce biases and potentially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Haniyeh Ehsani Oskouie , Christina Chance , Claire Huang , Margaret Capetz , Elizabeth Eyeson , Majid Sarrafzadeh

Sentiment analysis, mostly based on text, has been rapidly developing in the last decade and has attracted widespread attention in both academia and industry. However, the information in the real world usually comes from multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Feiyang Chen , Ziqian Luo , Yanyan Xu , Dengfeng Ke

Online abuse is becoming an increasingly prevalent issue in modern-day society, with 41 percent of Americans having experienced online harassment in some capacity in 2021. People who identify as women, in particular, can be subjected to a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Sarah Barrington

LLM safety and ethical alignment are widely discussed, but the impact of content moderation on user satisfaction remains underexplored. In particular, little is known about how users respond when models refuse to answer a prompt-one of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Stefan Pasch

Memes, as a widely used mode of online communication, often serve as vehicles for spreading harmful content. However, limitations in data accessibility and the high costs of dataset curation hinder the development of robust meme moderation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Subhankar Swain , Naquee Rizwan , Vishwa Gangadhar S , Nayandeep Deb , Animesh Mukherjee

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged as a common practice for tailoring models to individual needs and preferences. The choice of datasets for fine-tuning can be diverse, introducing safety concerns regarding the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Hyeong Kyu Choi , Xuefeng Du , Yixuan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized content creation across digital platforms, offering unprecedented capabilities in natural language generation and understanding. These models enable beneficial applications such as content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Chi Zhang , Changjia Zhu , Junjie Xiong , Xiaoran Xu , Lingyao Li , Yao Liu , Zhuo Lu

Centralized content moderation paradigm both falls short and over-reaches: 1) it fails to account for the subjective nature of harm, and 2) it acts with blunt suppression in response to content deemed harmful, even when such content can be…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Rayhan Rashed , Farnaz Jahanbakhsh

Is chatbot able to completely replace the human agent? The short answer could be - "it depends...". For some challenging cases, e.g., dialogue's topical spectrum spreads beyond the training corpus coverage, the chatbot may malfunction and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Jiawei Liu , Zhe Gao , Yangyang Kang , Zhuoren Jiang , Guoxiu He , Changlong Sun , Xiaozhong Liu , Wei Lu

Recent Audio Multimodal Large Language Models (Audio MLLMs) demonstrate impressive performance on speech benchmarks, yet it remains unclear whether these models genuinely process acoustic signals or rely on text-based semantic inference. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Jiaqi Xiong , Yunjia Qi , Qi Cao , Yu Zheng , Yutong Zhang , Ziteng Wang , Ruofan Liao , Weisheng Xu , Sichen Liu

The prevalence and impact of toxic discussions online have made content moderation crucial.Automated systems can play a vital role in identifying toxicity, and reducing the reliance on human moderation.Nevertheless, identifying toxic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Senjuti Dutta , Sid Mittal , Sherol Chen , Deepak Ramachandran , Ravi Rajakumar , Ian Kivlichan , Sunny Mak , Alena Butryna , Praveen Paritosh