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Finite-difference methods are a class of algorithms designed to solve black-box optimization problems by approximating a gradient of the target function on a set of directions. In black-box optimization, the non-smooth setting is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-07 Marco Rando , Cesare Molinari , Lorenzo Rosasco , Silvia Villa

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with classic first-order optimizers entails prohibitive GPU memory due to the backpropagation process. Recent works have turned to zeroth-order optimizers for fine-tuning, which save substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yanjun Zhao , Sizhe Dang , Haishan Ye , Guang Dai , Yi Qian , Ivor W. Tsang

Feedback optimization is a control paradigm that enables physical systems to autonomously reach efficient operating points. Its central idea is to interconnect optimization iterations in closed-loop with the physical plant. Since iterative…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-16 Zhiyu He , Saverio Bolognani , Jianping He , Florian Dörfler , Xinping Guan

A parametric class of trust-region algorithms for unconstrained nonconvex optimization is considered where the value of the objective function is never computed. The class contains a deterministic version of the first-order Adagrad method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-08 S. Gratton , S. Jerad , Ph. L. Toint

Feedback optimization enables autonomous optimality seeking of a dynamical system through its closed-loop interconnection with iterative optimization algorithms. Among various iteration structures, model-based approaches require the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Zhiyu He , Saverio Bolognani , Michael Muehlebach , Florian Dörfler

We consider the zeroth-order optimization problem in the huge-scale setting, where the dimension of the problem is so large that performing even basic vector operations on the decision variables is infeasible. In this paper, we propose a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-17 HanQin Cai , Yuchen Lou , Daniel McKenzie , Wotao Yin

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with backpropagation achieves high performance but incurs substantial memory overhead, limiting scalability on resource-constrained hardware. Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization provides a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shuo Wang , Ziyu Chen , Ming Tang

Two OFFO (Objective-Function Free Optimization) noise tolerant algorithms are presented that handle bound constraints, inexact gradients and use second-order information when available.The first is a multi-level method exploiting a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-16 Serge Gratton , Alena Kopaničáková , Philippe Toint

We consider non-smooth saddle point optimization problems. To solve these problems, we propose a zeroth-order method under bounded or Lipschitz continuous noise, possible adversarial. In contrast to the state-of-the-art algorithms, our…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-28 Darina Dvinskikh , Vladislav Tominin , Yaroslav Tominin , Alexander Gasnikov

We propose an enhanced zeroth-order stochastic Frank-Wolfe framework to address constrained finite-sum optimization problems, a structure prevalent in large-scale machine-learning applications. Our method introduces a novel double variance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Haishan Ye , Yinghui Huang , Hao Di , Xiangyu Chang

Robust optimization (RO) has emerged as one of the leading paradigms to efficiently model parameter uncertainty. The recent connections between RO and problems in statistics and machine learning domains demand for solving RO problems in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-11-21 Nam Ho-Nguyen , Fatma Kilinc-Karzan

Zeroth-order or derivative-free optimization (MeZO) is an attractive strategy for finetuning large language models (LLMs) because it eliminates the memory overhead of backpropagation. However, it converges slowly due to the inherent curse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lejs Deen Behric , Liang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Kiran Koshy Thekumparampil

Feedback optimization has emerged as a promising approach for optimizing the steady-state operation of dynamical systems while requiring minimal modeling efforts. Unfortunately, most existing feedback optimization methods rely on knowledge…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Amir Mehrnoosh , Gianluca Bianchin

Language Models (LLMs) are often quantized to lower precision to reduce the memory cost and latency in inference. However, quantization often degrades model performance, thus fine-tuning is required for various down-stream tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiajun Zhou , Yifan Yang , Kai Zhen , Ziyue Liu , Yequan Zhao , Ershad Banijamali , Athanasios Mouchtaris , Ngai Wong , Zheng Zhang

This paper presents new first-order methods for achieving optimal oracle complexities in convex optimization with convex functional constraints. Oracle complexities are measured by the number of function and gradient evaluations. To achieve…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Qi Deng , Guanghui Lan , Zhenwei Lin

The adaptive momentum method (AdaMM), which uses past gradients to update descent directions and learning rates simultaneously, has become one of the most popular first-order optimization methods for solving machine learning problems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Xiangyi Chen , Sijia Liu , Kaidi Xu , Xingguo Li , Xue Lin , Mingyi Hong , David Cox

Zero-order optimization techniques are becoming increasingly popular in robotics due to their ability to handle non-differentiable functions and escape local minima. These advantages make them particularly useful for trajectory optimization…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Armand Jordana , Jianghan Zhang , Joseph Amigo , Ludovic Righetti

Federated Learning (FL) offers a promising framework for collaborative and privacy-preserving machine learning across distributed data sources. However, the substantial communication costs associated with FL significantly challenge its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zhe Li , Bicheng Ying , Zidong Liu , Chaosheng Dong , Haibo Yang

In this paper, we present a novel control scheme for feedback optimization. That is, we propose a discrete-time controller that can steer the steady state of a physical plant to the solution of a constrained optimization problem without…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-09 Verena Häberle , Adrian Hauswirth , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Recently, there has been a surge of research on a class of methods called feedback optimization. These are methods to steer the state of a control system to an equilibrium that arises as the solution of an optimization problem. Despite the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-18 Giannis Delimpaltadakis , Pol Mestres , Jorge Cortés , W. P. M. H. Heemels