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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled agent-based recommendation systems with strong semantic understanding and flexible reasoning capabilities. While LLM-based agents deployed in the cloud offer powerful…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jing Long , Sirui Huang , Huan Huo , Tong Chen , Hongzhi Yin , Guandong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming key components in various mobile operating systems, driving smart applications like interactive chatbots and personal assistants. While bringing enhanced intelligence to mobile ends, their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Genglin Wang , Liekang Zeng , Bufang Yang , Kaiwei Liu , Guoliang Xing , Chumin Sun , Li Zhou , Jie Sun , Zhenyu Yan

On-device LLMs have gained increasing attention for their ability to enhance privacy and provide a personalized user experience. To facilitate private learning with scarce data, Federated Learning has become a standard approach. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Dongyang Fan , Bettina Messmer , Nikita Doikov , Martin Jaggi

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

This paper presents a systematic review of the infrastructure requirements for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on-device within the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on both hardware and software…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jeremy Stephen Gabriel Yee , Pai Chet Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Ian McLoughlin , Aik Beng Ng , Simon See

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been applied to automate cyber security activities and processes including cyber investigation and digital forensics. However, the use of such models for cyber investigation and digital forensics should…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jonathan Pan , Swee Liang Wong , Xin Wei Chia , Yidi Yuan

Large language models (LLMs) are useful in many NLP tasks and become more capable with size, with the best open-source models having over 50 billion parameters. However, using these 50B+ models requires high-end hardware, making them…

The conventional cloud-based large model learning framework is increasingly constrained by latency, cost, personalization, and privacy concerns. In this survey, we explore an emerging paradigm: collaborative learning between on-device small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Chaoyue Niu , Yucheng Ding , Junhui Lu , Zhengxiang Huang , Hang Zeng , Yutong Dai , Xuezhen Tu , Chengfei Lv , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable language understanding and generation capabilities. However, training, deploying, and accessing these models pose notable challenges, including resource-intensive demands, extended…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Souvika Sarkar , Mohammad Fakhruddin Babar , Monowar Hasan , Shubhra Kanti Karmaker

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed a substantial surge in demand for LLM services. While traditional cloud-based LLM services satisfy high-accuracy requirements, they fall short in meeting critical demands…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zuan Xie , Yang Xu , Hongli Xu , Yunming Liao , Zhiwei Yao

Collaborative edge computing uses edge nodes in different locations to execute tasks, necessitating dynamic task offloading decisions to maintain low latency and high reliability, especially under unpredictable node failures. Although deep…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hao Guo , Kaixiang Xv , Ziwu Ge , Lei Yang

On-device Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming mobile AI, catalyzing applications like UI automation without privacy concerns. Nowadays the common practice is to deploy a single yet powerful LLM as a general task solver for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Wangsong Yin , Rongjie Yi , Daliang Xu , Gang Huang , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable human-like predictive capabilities. However, it is challenging to deploy LLMs to provide efficient and adaptive inference services at the edge. This paper proposes a novel Cloud-Edge…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hongpeng Jin , Yanzhao Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing numerous industries, but their substantial computational demands create challenges for efficient deployment, particularly in cloud environments. Traditional approaches to inference serving…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Minxian Xu , Junhan Liao , Jingfeng Wu , Yiyuan He , Kejiang Ye , Chengzhong Xu

Many large vision models have been deployed on the cloud for real-time services. Meanwhile, fresh samples are continuously generated on the served mobile device. How to leverage the device-side samples to improve the cloud-side large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Yucheng Ding , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Shaojie Tang , Chengfei Lyu , Guihai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are important tools for reasoning and problem-solving, while they often operate passively, answering questions without actively discovering new ones. This limitation reduces their ability to simulate human-like…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Hong Su

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices enhances privacy but faces performance hurdles due to limited resources. We introduce a systematic methodology to evaluate on-device LLMs, balancing capability, efficiency, and resource…

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly capable at small parameter scales. At the same time, conventional cloud-centric deployment introduces challenges around data privacy, latency, and cost that are acute in operational…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Harri Renney , Fouad Trad , Michael Mattarock , Zena Wood

Large language model (LLM) agents excel at solving complex long-horizon tasks through autonomous interaction with environments. However, their real-world deployment faces a fundamental device--cloud dilemma: on-device models are efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yuxin Zhang , Mengxue Hu , Zheng Lin , Xiaoyi Fan , Fan Xie , Zihan Fang , Jing Yang , Wenjun Zhu , Zhiwen Chen , Chengfei Lv , Zhe Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various artificial intelligence tasks. However, their enormous sizes and computational demands pose significant challenges for the deployment on edge devices. To address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Kai Zhang , Hengtao He , Shenghui Song , Jun Zhang , Khaled B. Letaief