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This paper presents LLaDA2.0 -- a tuple of discrete diffusion large language models (dLLM) scaling up to 100B total parameters through systematic conversion from auto-regressive (AR) models -- establishing a new paradigm for frontier-scale…

In recent years, diffusion based methods have emerged as a powerful paradigm for generative modeling. Although discrete diffusion for natural language processing has been explored to a lesser extent, it shows promise for tasks requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Andrew Kiruluta , Andreas Lemos

Despite the growing success of diffusion models in continuous-valued domains (e.g., images), similar efforts for discrete domains such as text have yet to match the performance of autoregressive language models. In this work, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Xiaochuang Han , Sachin Kumar , Yulia Tsvetkov

We propose TraceRL, a trajectory-aware reinforcement learning framework for diffusion language models (DLMs) that incorporates preferred inference trajectory into post-training, and is applicable across different architectures. Equipped…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yinjie Wang , Ling Yang , Bowen Li , Ye Tian , Ke Shen , Mengdi Wang

While autoregressive (AR) Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated formidable reasoning capabilities in robotic tasks, their sequential decoding process often incurs high inference latency and may amplify error accumulation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Ruiheng Wang , Shuanghao Bai , Haoran Zhang , Badong Chen , Xiangyu Xu

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) offer a compelling alternative to Auto-Regressive models, but their deployment is constrained by high decoding cost. In this work, we identify a key inefficiency in DLLM decoding: while computation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Kaihua Liang , Xin Tan , An Zhong , Hong Xu , Marco Canini

Discrete diffusion language models (DDLMs) generate text by iteratively denoising categorical token sequences, while recent drifting methods for continuous generators suggest that part of this sampling-time correction can instead be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Daisuke Oba , Hiroki Furuta , Naoaki Okazaki

Diffusion models have shown remarkable performance on many generative tasks. Despite recent success, most diffusion models are restricted in that they only allow linear transformation of the data distribution. In contrast, broader family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Grigory Bartosh , Dmitry Vetrov , Christian A. Naesseth

While Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a flexible, arbitrary-order alternative to the autoregressive paradigm, their non-causal nature precludes standard KV caching, forcing costly hidden state recomputation at every decoding step.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wenhao Sun , Rong-Cheng Tu , Yifu Ding , Zhao Jin , Jingyi Liao , Yongcheng Jing , Dacheng Tao

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) are often advertised as enabling parallel token generation, yet practical fast DLMs frequently converge to left-to-right, autoregressive (AR)-like decoding dynamics. In contrast, genuinely non-AR generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Pengxiang Li , Dilxat Muhtar , Tianlong Chen , Lu Yin , Shiwei Liu

Most language modeling methods rely on large-scale data to statistically learn the sequential patterns of words. In this paper, we argue that words are atomic language units but not necessarily atomic semantic units. Inspired by HowNet, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-31 Yihong Gu , Jun Yan , Hao Zhu , Zhiyuan Liu , Ruobing Xie , Maosong Sun , Fen Lin , Leyu Lin

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer capabilities beyond those of autoregressive (AR) LLMs, such as parallel decoding and random-order generation. However, realizing these benefits in practice is non-trivial, as dLLMs inherently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yu-Yang Qian , Junda Su , Lanxiang Hu , Peiyuan Zhang , Zhijie Deng , Peng Zhao , Hao Zhang

We propose a diffusion-based framework for prompt optimization that leverages Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) to iteratively refine system prompts through masked denoising. By conditioning on interaction traces, including user queries,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shiyu Wang , Haolin Chen , Liangwei Yang , Jielin Qiu , Rithesh Murthy , Ming Zhu , Zixiang Chen , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Shelby Heinecke , Huan Wang

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) are inherently ill-suited for variable-length generation, as their inference is defined on a fixed-length canvas and implicitly assumes a known target length. When the length is unknown, as in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zicong Cheng , Ruixuan Jia , Jia Li , Guo-Wei Yang , Meng-Hao Guo , Shi-Min Hu

Diffusion language models (DLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive models for faster inference via parallel token generation. We provide a rigorous foundation for this advantage by formalizing a model of parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Haozhe Jiang , Nika Haghtalab , Lijie Chen

Diffusion models that are based on iterative denoising have been recently proposed and leveraged in various generation tasks like image generation. Whereas, as a way inherently built for continuous data, existing diffusion models still have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Jiaao Chen , Aston Zhang , Mu Li , Alex Smola , Diyi Yang

Discrete diffusion models have recently emerged as strong alternatives to autoregressive language models, matching their performance through large-scale training. However, inference-time control remains relatively underexplored. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Meihua Dang , Jiaqi Han , Minkai Xu , Kai Xu , Akash Srivastava , Stefano Ermon

Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) language models, offering properties such as parallel decoding, flexible generation orders, and the potential for fewer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jingyi Yang , Guanxu Chen , Xuhao Hu , Jing Shao

Recent progress in language modeling has been driven not only by advances in neural architectures, but also through hardware and optimization improvements. In this paper, we revisit the neural probabilistic language model (NPLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Simeng Sun , Mohit Iyyer

Diffusion language models (DLMs) have shown strong potential for general natural language tasks with in-context examples. However, due to the bidirectional attention mechanism, DLMs incur substantial computational cost as context length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Yang Li , Han Meng , Chenan Wang , Haipeng Chen
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