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Related papers: DriveE2E: Closed-Loop Benchmark for End-to-End Aut…

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In an era marked by the rapid scaling of foundation models, autonomous driving technologies are approaching a transformative threshold where end-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) emerges due to its potential of scaling up in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xiaosong Jia , Zhenjie Yang , Qifeng Li , Zhiyuan Zhang , Junchi Yan

Comprehensive and efficient validation of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is critical prior to real-world deployment. While simulation-based testing offers scalability, existing approaches often lack seamless integration with real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Kanglong Quan , Zhebing Xia , Linfeng Jiang , Hao Yu , Ziheng Qiao , Dapeng Dong , Dongyao Jia

Generalization under distribution shift remains a central bottleneck for closed-loop autonomous driving. Although simulators like CARLA enable safe and scalable testing, existing benchmarks rarely measure true generalization: they typically…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Simon Gerstenecker , Andreas Geiger , Katrin Renz

End-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving heavily relies on closed-loop simulation, where perception, planning, and control are jointly trained and evaluated in interactive environments. Yet, most existing datasets are collected from the real…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Zhijie Qiao , Zhong Cao , Henry X. Liu

We introduce CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. CARLA has been developed from the ground up to support development, training, and validation of autonomous urban driving systems. In addition to open-source code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Alexey Dosovitskiy , German Ros , Felipe Codevilla , Antonio Lopez , Vladlen Koltun

Collecting a high-quality dataset is a critical task that demands meticulous attention to detail, as overlooking certain aspects can render the entire dataset unusable. Autonomous driving challenges remain a prominent area of research,…

For end-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD), the evaluation system remains an open problem. Existing closed-loop evaluation protocols usually rely on simulators like CARLA being less realistic; while NAVSIM using real-world vision data, yet…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Junqi You , Xiaosong Jia , Zhiyuan Zhang , Yutao Zhu , Junchi Yan

Traffic simulation is an efficient and cost-effective way to test Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in a complex and dynamic environment. Numerous studies have been conducted for AV evaluation using traffic simulation over the past decades.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Pei Li , Arpan Kusari , David J. LeBlanc

Safety-critical corner cases, difficult to collect in the real world, are crucial for evaluating end-to-end autonomous driving. Adversarial interaction is an effective method to generate such safety-critical corner cases. While existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaheng Geng , Jiatong Du , Xinyu Zhang , Ye Li , Panqu Wang , Yanjun Huang

Autonomous racing has emerged as a crucial testbed for autonomous driving algorithms, necessitating a simulation environment for both vehicle dynamics and sensor behavior. Striking the right balance between vehicle dynamics and sensor…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Maurice Brunner , Edoardo Ghignone , Nicolas Baumann , Michele Magno

Simulators are indispensable for research in autonomous systems such as self-driving cars, autonomous robots, and drones. Despite significant progress in various simulation aspects, such as graphical realism, an evident gap persists between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Stefanos Pasios , Nikos Nikolaidis

Real-world autonomous driving (AD) especially urban driving involves many corner cases. The lately released AD simulator CARLA v2 adds 39 common events in the driving scene, and provide more quasi-realistic testbed compared to CARLA v1. It…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Qifeng Li , Xiaosong Jia , Shaobo Wang , Junchi Yan

As autonomous vehicles edge closer to widespread adoption, enhancing road safety through collision avoidance and minimization of collateral damage becomes imperative. Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies, which include…

While the capabilities of autonomous driving have advanced rapidly, merging into dense traffic remains a significant challenge, many motion planning methods for this scenario have been proposed but it is hard to evaluate them. Most existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Zhengming Wang , Junli Wang , Pengfei Li , Zhaohan Li , Chunyang Liu , Bo Zhang , Peng Li , Yilun Chen

End-to-end autonomous driving has witnessed rapid progress, yet existing benchmarks are increasingly saturated, with state-of-the-art models achieving near-perfect scores on widely used open-loop and closed-loop benchmarks. This saturation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhongyu Xia , Guanyu Zhu , Guo Tang , Wenhao Chen , Yongtao Wang

End-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving models that take only camera images as input and directly predict a future trajectory are appealing for their computational efficiency and potential for improved generalization via unified optimization;…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Chihiro Noguchi , Takaki Yamamoto

With the rise of vision-language models (VLM), their application for autonomous driving (VLM4AD) has gained significant attention. Meanwhile, in autonomous driving, closed-loop evaluation has become widely recognized as a more reliable…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xiaosong Jia , Yuqian Shao , Zhenjie Yang , Qifeng Li , Zhiyuan Zhang , Junchi Yan

High infraction rates remain the primary bottleneck for end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving, as evidenced by the low driving scores on the CARLA Leaderboard. Despite collision-related infractions being the dominant failure mode in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Alex Koran , Dimitrios Sinodinos , Hadi Hojjati , Takuya Nanri , Fangge Chen , Narges Armanfard

End-to-end driving has made significant progress in recent years, demonstrating benefits such as system simplicity and competitive driving performance under both open-loop and closed-loop settings. Nevertheless, the lack of interpretability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Tianqi Wang , Enze Xie , Ruihang Chu , Zhenguo Li , Ping Luo

Autonomous driving evaluation requires simulation environments that closely replicate actual road conditions, including real-world sensory data and responsive feedback loops. However, many existing simulations need to predict waypoints…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Tianyi Yan , Dongming Wu , Wencheng Han , Junpeng Jiang , Xia Zhou , Kun Zhan , Cheng-zhong Xu , Jianbing Shen
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