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Decisions made by convolutional neural networks(CNN) can be understood and explained by visualizing discriminative regions on images. To this end, Class Activation Map (CAM) based methods were proposed as powerful interpretation tools,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Yi Liao , Yongsheng Gao , Weichuan Zhang

Interpreting the decision-making process of deep convolutional neural networks remains a central challenge in achieving trustworthy and transparent artificial intelligence. Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, particularly Class Activation Map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hajar Dekdegue , Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Jordan Bernigaud

Deep Learning has revolutionized machine learning, reaching unprecedented levels of accuracy, but at the cost of reduced interpretability. Especially in image processing systems, deep networks transform local pixel information into more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xinyi Zhang , Manuel Günther

Visual explanation maps enhance the trustworthiness of decisions made by deep learning models and offer valuable guidance for developing new algorithms in image recognition tasks. Class activation maps (CAM) and their variants (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yi Liao , Ugochukwu Ejike Akpudo , Jue Zhang , Yongsheng Gao , Jun Zhou , Wenyi Zeng , Weichuan Zhang

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Juan Zhang , Xuan Gong , Baochang Zhang

Methods based on class activation maps (CAM) provide a simple mechanism to interpret predictions of convolutional neural networks by using linear combinations of feature maps as saliency maps. By contrast, masking-based methods optimize a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Hanwei Zhang , Felipe Torres , Ronan Sicre , Yannis Avrithis , Stephane Ayache

Interpreting complex deep networks, notably pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), is a formidable challenge. Current Class Activation Map (CAM) methods highlight regions revealing the model's decision-making basis but lack clear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Linlin Yang , Bo Fan , Jilong Zhong , Juan Zhang , Baochang Zhang

Human-centric explainability of AI-based Decision Support Systems (DSS) using visual input modalities is directly related to reliability and practicality of such algorithms. An otherwise accurate and robust DSS might not enjoy trust of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Adriano Lucieri , Muhammad Naseer Bajwa , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Frincy Clement , Ji Yang , Irene Cheng

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Feature attribution (FA), or the assignment of class-relevance to different locations in an image, is important for many classification problems but is particularly crucial within the neuroscience domain, where accurate mechanistic models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Cher Bass , Mariana da Silva , Carole Sudre , Petru-Daniel Tudosiu , Stephen M. Smith , Emma C. Robinson

In recent years, artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied widely in many different fields and has a profound and direct impact on human life. Following this is the need to understand the principles of the model making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Quoc Hung Cao , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Xuan Phong Nguyen

As the request for deep learning solutions increases, the need for explainability is even more fundamental. In this setting, particular attention has been given to visualization techniques, that try to attribute the right relevance to each…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Samuele Poppi , Marcella Cornia , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Convolutional neural networks have been shown to develop internal representations, which correspond closely to semantically meaningful objects and parts, although trained solely on class labels. Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is a recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-05-26 Amir Rosenfeld , Shimon Ullman

Although neural models have achieved remarkable performance, they still encounter doubts due to the intransparency. To this end, model prediction explanation is attracting more and more attentions. However, current methods rarely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yong Guan , Freddy Lecue , Jiaoyan Chen , Ru Li , Jeff Z. Pan

We introduce a method that takes advantage of high-quality pretrained multimodal representations to explore fine-grained semantic networks in the human brain. Previous studies have documented evidence of functional localization in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Cory Efird , Alex Murphy , Joel Zylberberg , Alona Fyshe

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) has been widely adopted to generate saliency maps which provides visual explanations for deep neural networks (DNNs). The saliency maps are conventionally generated by fusing the channels of the target feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Guangwu Qian , Zhen-Qun Yang , Xu-Lu Zhang , Yaowei Wang , Qing Li , Xiao-Yong Wei

With the growing demand for interpretable deep learning models, this paper introduces Integrative CAM, an advanced Class Activation Mapping (CAM) technique aimed at providing a holistic view of feature importance across Convolutional Neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Aniket K. Singh , Debasis Chaudhuri , Manish P. Singh , Samiran Chattopadhyay

Convolutional neural networks have become state-of-the-art in a wide range of image recognition tasks. The interpretation of their predictions, however, is an active area of research. Whereas various interpretation methods have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Kira Vinogradova , Alexandr Dibrov , Gene Myers

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) is a powerful technique used to understand the decision making of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in computer vision. Recently, there have been attempts not only to generate better visual explanations, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Kwang Hee Lee , Chaewon Park , Junghyun Oh , Nojun Kwak
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