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Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to optimization-based jailbreak attacks that exploit internal gradient structure. While Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) are widely used for interpretability, their robustness implications remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Ahson Saiyed , Sabrina Sadiekh , Chirag Agarwal

Radiological services are experiencing unprecedented demand, leading to increased interest in automating radiology report generation. Existing Vision-Language Models (VLMs) suffer from hallucinations, lack interpretability, and require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ahmed Abdulaal , Hugo Fry , Nina Montaña-Brown , Ayodeji Ijishakin , Jack Gao , Stephanie Hyland , Daniel C. Alexander , Daniel C. Castro

Despite the growing reasoning capabilities of recent large language models (LLMs), their internal mechanisms during the reasoning process remain underexplored. Prior approaches often rely on human-defined concepts (e.g., overthinking,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Zhenyu Zhang , Shujian Zhang , John Lambert , Wenxuan Zhou , Zhangyang Wang , Mingqing Chen , Andrew Hard , Rajiv Mathews , Lun Wang

Learning rich data representations from unlabeled data is a key challenge towards applying deep learning algorithms in downstream tasks. Several variants of variational autoencoders (VAEs) have been proposed to learn compact data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Pan Xiao , Peijie Qiu , Sungmin Ha , Abdalla Bani , Shuang Zhou , Aristeidis Sotiras

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) and transcoders have become important tools for machine learning interpretability. However, measuring how interpretable they are remains challenging, with weak consensus about which benchmarks to use. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Gonçalo Paulo , Nora Belrose

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit undesirable behaviors, such as safety violations and hallucinations. Although inference-time steering offers a cost-effective way to adjust model behavior without updating its parameters, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zixuan Weng , Jinghuai Zhang , Kunlin Cai , Ying Li , Peiran Wang , Yuan Tian

Prior work on controllable text generation has focused on learning how to control language models through trainable decoding, smart-prompt design, or fine-tuning based on a desired objective. We hypothesize that the information needed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Nishant Subramani , Nivedita Suresh , Matthew E. Peters

We present a new flavor of Variational Autoencoder (VAE) that interpolates seamlessly between unsupervised, semi-supervised and fully supervised learning domains. We show that unlabeled datapoints not only boost unsupervised tasks, but also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Felix Berkhahn , Richard Keys , Wajih Ouertani , Nikhil Shetty , Dominik Geißler

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are used to analyze embeddings, but their role and practical value are debated. We propose a new perspective on SAEs by demonstrating that they can be naturally understood as topic models. We propose a continuous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Leander Girrbach , Zeynep Akata

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, especially with the rise of agent-based systems. However, their safety has received relatively limited attention. Even the latest…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Hao Wang , Yiqun Sun , Pengfei Wei , Lawrence B. Hsieh , Daisuke Kawahara

The mechanisms by which reasoning training reshapes LLMs' internal computations remain unclear. We study lightweight steering vectors inserted into the base model's residual stream and trained with a reinforcement-learning objective. These…

Adapting billion-parameter language models to a downstream task is still costly, even with parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). We re-cast task adaptation as output-distribution alignment: the objective is to steer the output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Senkang Hu , Xudong Han , Jinqi Jiang , Yihang Tao , Zihan Fang , Yong Dai , Sam Tak Wu Kwong , Yuguang Fang

We investigate whether sparse autoencoders (SAEs) can be used to remove knowledge from language models. We use the biology subset of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Proxy dataset and test on the gemma-2b-it and gemma-2-2b-it language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Eoin Farrell , Yeu-Tong Lau , Arthur Conmy

Artificial Text Detection (ATD) is becoming increasingly important with the rise of advanced Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite numerous efforts, no single algorithm performs consistently well across different types of unseen text or…

Translating the internal representations and computations of models into concepts that humans can understand is a key goal of interpretability. While recent dictionary learning methods such as Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) provide a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Usha Bhalla , Alex Oesterling , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Flavio P. Calmon

Large Language Models (LLMs) are traditionally viewed as black-box algorithms, therefore reducing trustworthiness and obscuring potential approaches to increasing performance on downstream tasks. In this work, we apply an effective LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Shun Wang , Tyler Loakman , Youbo Lei , Yi Liu , Bohao Yang , Yuting Zhao , Dong Yang , Chenghua Lin

Precise control over language model generation is vital for ensuring both safety and reliability. Although prompt engineering and steering are commonly used to intervene in model behaviors, the vast number of parameters in models often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mengru Wang , Ziwen Xu , Shengyu Mao , Shumin Deng , Zhaopeng Tu , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Recent work in Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) has enabled the identification and intervention of internal features in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, a persistent challenge lies in linking such internal features to the reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ruikang Zhang , Shuo Wang , Qi Su

Machine unlearning is a promising approach to improve LLM safety by removing unwanted knowledge from the model. However, prevailing gradient-based unlearning methods suffer from issues such as high computational costs, hyperparameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Aashiq Muhamed , Jacopo Bonato , Mona Diab , Virginia Smith

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) are commonly used to interpret the internal activations of large language models (LLMs) by mapping them to human-interpretable concept representations. While existing evaluations of SAEs focus on metrics such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Aaron J. Li , Suraj Srinivas , Usha Bhalla , Himabindu Lakkaraju