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Symbolic encoding has been used in multi-operator learning as a way to embed additional information for distinct time-series data. For spatiotemporal systems described by time-dependent partial differential equations, the equation itself…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Derek Jollie , Jingmin Sun , Zecheng Zhang , Hayden Schaeffer

The automated creation of accurate musical notation from an expressive human performance is a fundamental task in computational musicology. To this end, we present an end-to-end deep learning approach that constructs detailed musical scores…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Tim Beyer , Angela Dai

Many music AI models learn a map between music content and human-defined labels. However, many annotations, such as chords, can be naturally expressed within the music modality itself, e.g., as sequences of symbolic notes. This observation…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Junyan Jiang , Daniel Chin , Liwei Lin , Xuanjie Liu , Gus Xia

Transformers are designed for discrete tokens, yet many real-world signals are continuous processes observed through noisy sampling. Discrete tokenizations (raw values, patches, finite differences) can be brittle in low signal-to-noise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Griffin Kearney

We introduce anticipation: a method for constructing a controllable generative model of a temporal point process (the event process) conditioned asynchronously on realizations of a second, correlated process (the control process). We…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-29 John Thickstun , David Hall , Chris Donahue , Percy Liang

Timbre allows us to distinguish between sounds even when they share the same pitch and loudness, playing an important role in music, instrument recognition, and speech. Traditional approaches, such as frequency analysis or machine learning,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Gakusei Sato , Hiroya Nakao , Riccardo Muolo

The first step to apply deep learning techniques for symbolic music understanding is to transform musical pieces (mainly in MIDI format) into sequences of predefined tokens like note pitch, note velocity, and chords. Subsequently, the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jinhao Tian , Zuchao Li , Jiajia Li , Ping Wang

Speculative decoding has emerged as an effective approach for accelerating autoregressive inference by parallelizing token generation through a draft-then-verify paradigm. However, existing methods rely on static drafting lengths and rigid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jaydip Sen , Subhasis Dasgupta , Hetvi Waghela

We present a unified framework for automatic multitrack music arrangement that enables a single pre-trained symbolic music model to handle diverse arrangement scenarios, including reinterpretation, simplification, and additive generation.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Longshen Ou , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang , Gus Xia , Qihao Liang , Torin Hopkins Ye Wang

Time-delay systems are an important class of dynamical systems which provide a solid mathematical framework to deal with many application domains of interest ranging from biology, chemical, electrical, and mechanical engineering, to…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2009-03-28 Giordano Pola , Pierdomenico Pepe , Maria D. Di Benedetto , Paulo Tabuada

The quality of outputs produced by deep generative models for music have seen a dramatic improvement in the last few years. However, most deep learning models perform in "offline" mode, with few restrictions on the processing time.…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Pablo Samuel Castro

Attention-based Transformer models have been increasingly employed for automatic music generation. To condition the generation process of such a model with a user-specified sequence, a popular approach is to take that conditioning sequence…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Yi-Jen Shih , Shih-Lun Wu , Frank Zalkow , Meinard Müller , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Recent advances in deep learning have expanded possibilities to generate music, but generating a customizable full piece of music with consistent long-term structure remains a challenge. This paper introduces MusicFrameworks, a hierarchical…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Shuqi Dai , Zeyu Jin , Celso Gomes , Roger B. Dannenberg

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan

Deep learning (DL) algorithms are often defined in terms of temporal relationships: a tensor at one timestep may depend on tensors from earlier or later timesteps. Such dynamic dependencies (and corresponding dynamic tensor shapes) are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Pedro F. Silvestre , Peter Pietzuch

Pitch and meter are two fundamental music features for symbolic music generation tasks, where researchers usually choose different encoding methods depending on specific goals. However, the advantages and drawbacks of different encoding…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Yuqiang Li , Shengchen Li , George Fazekas

Definitive embeddings remain a fundamental challenge of computational musicology for symbolic music in deep learning today. Analogous to natural language, music can be modeled as a sequence of tokens. This motivates the majority of existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei , Paul Yaozhu Chan , Zhenglu Yang , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

Speculative Decoding (SD) accelerates inference in large language models by using a smaller draft model to propose tokens, which are then verified by a larger target model. However, the throughput gains of SD are fundamentally limited by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Sanghyun Byun , Mohanad Odema , Jung Ick Guack , Baisub Lee , Jacob Song , Woo Seong Chung

Research on style transfer and domain translation has clearly demonstrated the ability of deep learning-based algorithms to manipulate images in terms of artistic style. More recently, several attempts have been made to extend such…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Ondřej Cífka , Umut Şimşekli , Gaël Richard

Symbolic music generation is a challenging task in multimedia generation, involving long sequences with hierarchical temporal structures, long-range dependencies, and fine-grained local details. Though recent diffusion-based models produce…