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Pipeline parallelism is essential for large-scale model training, but existing asynchronous approaches often degrade convergence due to parameter mismatch between forward and backward passes. We propose Asynchronous Multi-Directional…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ling Chen , Houming Wu , Wenjie Yu

Training large Deep Neural Network (DNN) models at scale often encounters straggler issues, mostly in communications due to network congestion, RNIC/switch defects, or topological asymmetry. Under advanced pipeline parallelism, even minor…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Tianyuan Wu , Lunxi Cao , Hanfeng Lu , Xiaoxiao Jiang , Yinghao Yu , Siran Yang , Guodong Yang , Jiamang Wang , Lin Qu , Liping Zhang , Wei Wang

With the increasing scale of models, the need for efficient distributed training has become increasingly urgent. Recently, many synchronous pipeline parallelism approaches have been proposed to improve training throughput. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Houming Wu , Ling Chen , Wenjie Yu

Model parallelism has become a necessity for training modern large-scale deep language models. In this work, we identify a new and orthogonal dimension from existing model parallel approaches: it is possible to perform pipeline parallelism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Zhuohan Li , Siyuan Zhuang , Shiyuan Guo , Danyang Zhuo , Hao Zhang , Dawn Song , Ion Stoica

Pipeline parallelism (PP) has become a standard technique for scaling large language model (LLM) training across multiple devices. However, despite recent progress in reducing memory consumption through activation offloading, existing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Hongpei Li , Han Zhang , Huikang Liu , Dongdong Ge , Yinyu Ye

Pipeline Parallelism (PP) serves as a crucial technique for training Large Language Models (LLMs), owing to its capability to alleviate memory pressure from model states with relatively low communication overhead. However, in long-context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zhouyang Li , Yuliang Liu , Wei Zhang , Tailing Yuan , Bin Chen , Chengru Song , Di Zhang

With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in recommendation systems, the computational and communication bottlenecks caused by their massive parameter sizes and large data volumes have become increasingly prominent. This paper…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Haowei Yang , Yu Tian , Zhongheng Yang , Zhao Wang , Chengrui Zhou , Dannier Li

Pipeline parallelism enables efficient training of Large Language Models (LLMs) on large-scale distributed accelerator clusters. Yet, pipeline bubbles during startup and tear-down reduce the utilization of accelerators. Although efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Kazuki Osawa , Shigang Li , Torsten Hoefler

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have extended the success of large language models (LLMs) to multiple data types, such as image, text and audio, achieving significant performance in various domains, including multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Weiqi Feng , Yangrui Chen , Shaoyu Wang , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Minlan Yu

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) relies heavily on distributed training strategies, among which pipeline parallelism plays a crucial role. As LLMs' training sequence length extends to 32k or even 128k, the current pipeline…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ao Sun , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Cheng Yang , Xinrong Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Chuan Shi , Maosong Sun

Pipeline parallelism is one of the key components for large-scale distributed training, yet its efficiency suffers from pipeline bubbles which were deemed inevitable. In this work, we introduce a scheduling strategy that, to our knowledge,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Penghui Qi , Xinyi Wan , Guangxing Huang , Min Lin

In the machine learning system, the hybrid model parallelism combining tensor parallelism (TP) and pipeline parallelism (PP) has become the dominant solution for distributed training of Large Language Models~(LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Mengshi Qi , Jiaxuan Peng , Jie Zhang , Juan Zhu , Yong Li , Huadong Ma

It is usually infeasible to fit and train an entire large deep neural network (DNN) model using a single edge device due to the limited resources. To facilitate intelligent applications across edge devices, researchers have proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Yuhao Chen , Yuxuan Yan , Qianqian Yang , Yuanchao Shu , Shibo He , Zhiguo Shi , Jiming Chen

To train modern large DNN models, pipeline parallelism has recently emerged, which distributes the model across GPUs and enables different devices to process different microbatches in pipeline. Earlier pipeline designs allow multiple…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Ziyue Luo , Xiaodong Yi , Guoping Long , Shiqing Fan , Chuan Wu , Jun Yang , Wei Lin

Discovering atom-level phenomena requires molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with ab initio accuracy. Machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) enable stable, high-accuracy MD simulations, and their models exhibit scaling-law trends…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Hongyu Wang , Weijian Liu , Hongtao Xu , Yan Wang , Mingzhen Li , Weile Jia , Guangming Tan

To optimize large Transformer model training, both efficient parallel computing and advanced data management are indispensable. However, current methods often assume a stable and uniform training workload, neglecting data-induced…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Haoyang Li , Fangcheng Fu , Sheng Lin , Hao Ge , Xuanyu Wang , Jiawen Niu , Jinbao Xue , Yangyu Tao , Di Wang , Jie Jiang , Bin Cui

The occurrence of bubbles in pipeline parallelism is an inherent limitation that can account for more than 40% of the large language model (LLM) training time and is one of the main reasons for the underutilization of GPU resources in LLM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jiashu Zhang , Zihan Pan , Molly , Xu , Khuzaima Daudjee , Sihang Liu

The increasing demand for intelligent mobile applications has made multi-agent collaboration with Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) essential in mobile edge computing (MEC) networks. However, training LLMs in such environments…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-25 Jiewei Chen , Xiumei Deng , Zehui Xiong , Shaoyong Guo , Xuesong Qiu , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato

Pipeline parallelism enables training models that exceed single-device memory, but practical throughput remains limited by pipeline bubbles. Although parameter freezing can improve training throughput by adaptively skipping backward…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Seonghye Cho , Jaemin Han , Hyunjin Kim , Euisoo Jung , Jae-Gil Lee

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable capabilities, driving advancements in real-world applications. However, training LLMs on increasingly long input sequences imposes significant challenges due to high…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Qiaoling Chen , Shenggui Li , Wei Gao , Peng Sun , Yonggang Wen , Tianwei Zhang
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