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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in leveraging a large amount of unlabeled data to learn a promising classifier. A popular approach is pseudo-labeling that generates pseudo labels only for those unlabeled data with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Qinyi Deng , Yong Guo , Zhibang Yang , Haolin Pan , Jian Chen

Deep learning has made revolutionary advances to diverse applications in the presence of large-scale labeled datasets. However, it is prohibitively time-costly and labor-expensive to collect sufficient labeled data in most realistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Ximei Wang , Jinghan Gao , Mingsheng Long , Jianmin Wang

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has proven to be effective at leveraging large-scale unlabeled data to mitigate the dependency on labeled data in order to learn better models for visual recognition and classification tasks. However, recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Hasib Zunair , Yan Gobeil , Samuel Mercier , A. Ben Hamza

Network Traffic Classification (NTC) has become an important feature in various network management operations, e.g., Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning and security services. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms as a popular approach for NTC…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Amin Shahraki , Mahmoud Abbasi , Amir Taherkordi , Anca Delia Jurcut

Deep neural network-based classifiers trained with the categorical cross-entropy (CCE) loss are sensitive to label noise in the training data. One common type of method that can mitigate the impact of label noise can be viewed as supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Aritra Ghosh , Andrew Lan

This paper looks at semi-supervised learning (SSL) for image-based text recognition. One of the most popular SSL approaches is pseudo-labeling (PL). PL approaches assign labels to unlabeled data before re-training the model with a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Gaurav Patel , Jan Allebach , Qiang Qiu

Deep supervised learning algorithms typically require a large volume of labeled data to achieve satisfactory performance. However, the process of collecting and labeling such data can be expensive and time-consuming. Self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jie Gui , Tuo Chen , Jing Zhang , Qiong Cao , Zhenan Sun , Hao Luo , Dacheng Tao

The recent research in semi-supervised learning (SSL) is mostly dominated by consistency regularization based methods which achieve strong performance. However, they heavily rely on domain-specific data augmentations, which are not easy to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Mamshad Nayeem Rizve , Kevin Duarte , Yogesh S Rawat , Mubarak Shah

The premise of semi-supervised learning (SSL) is that combining labeled and unlabeled data yields significantly more accurate models. Despite empirical successes, the theoretical understanding of SSL is still far from complete. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-06 Eyar Azar , Boaz Nadler

Given a small set of labeled data and a large set of unlabeled data, semi-supervised learning (SSL) attempts to leverage the location of the unlabeled datapoints in order to create a better classifier than could be obtained from supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Michael C. Burkhart , Kyle Shan

Mobile Internet has profoundly reshaped modern lifestyles in various aspects. Encrypted Traffic Classification (ETC) naturally plays a crucial role in managing mobile Internet, especially with the explosive growth of mobile apps using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Xiang Li , Juncheng Guo , Qige Song , Jiang Xie , Yafei Sang , Shuyuan Zhao , Yongzheng Zhang

This paper focuses on webly supervised learning (WSL), where datasets are built by crawling samples from the Internet and directly using search queries as web labels. Although WSL benefits from fast and low-cost data collection, noises in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Jingkang Yang , Litong Feng , Weirong Chen , Xiaopeng Yan , Huabin Zheng , Ping Luo , Wayne Zhang

Obtaining labelled data in a particular context could be expensive and time consuming. Although different algorithms, including unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, self-learning have been adopted, the performance of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Ying Xie , Dongping Song

Deep models trained in supervised mode have achieved remarkable success on a variety of tasks. When labeled samples are limited, self-supervised learning (SSL) is emerging as a new paradigm for making use of large amounts of unlabeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yaochen Xie , Zhao Xu , Jingtun Zhang , Zhengyang Wang , Shuiwang Ji

We propose a novel semi-supervised learning (SSL) method that adopts selective training with pseudo labels. In our method, we generate hard pseudo-labels and also estimate their confidence, which represents how likely each pseudo-label is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Masato Ishii

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine learning approach where the data itself provides supervision, eliminating the need for external labels. The model is forced to learn about the data structure or context by solving a pretext task.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Markus Marks , Manuel Knott , Neehar Kondapaneni , Elijah Cole , Thijs Defraeye , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Pietro Perona

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Avital Oliver , Augustus Odena , Colin Raffel , Ekin D. Cubuk , Ian J. Goodfellow

Classic Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) often rely on manual feature engineering to extract meaningful patterns from network traffic data. However, this approach requires domain expertise and runs counter to the widely adopted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Muhammad Usman Butt , Andreas Hotho , Daniel Schlör

Traffic classification, a technique for assigning network flows to predefined categories, has been widely deployed in enterprise and carrier networks. With the massive adoption of mobile devices, encryption is increasingly used in mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kun Qiu , Ying Wang , Baoqian Li , Wenjun Zhu

Traffic classification has been studied for two decades and applied to a wide range of applications from QoS provisioning and billing in ISPs to security-related applications in firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Port-based, data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu