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Dynamic treatment regimes (DTR) are sequential decision rules corresponding to several stages of intervention. Each rule maps patients' covariates to optional treatments. The optimal dynamic treatment regime is the one that maximizes the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-10 Zhishuai Liu , Zishu Zhan , Jian Liu , Danhui Yi , Cunjie Lin , Yufei Yang

This paper presents the first deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to estimate the optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes from observational medical data. This framework is more flexible and adaptive for high dimensional action and state…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Ning Liu , Ying Liu , Brent Logan , Zhiyuan Xu , Jian Tang , Yanzhi Wang

We study the problem of learning individualized dose intervals using observational data. There are very few previous works for policy learning with continuous treatment, and all of them focused on recommending an optimal dose rather than an…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-25 Guanhua Chen , Xiaomao Li , Menggang Yu

Estimation and evaluation of individualized treatment rules have been studied extensively, but real-world treatment resource constraints have received limited attention in existing methods. We investigate a setting in which treatment is…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-24 Hongxiang Qiu , Marco Carone , Alex Luedtke

Radiation therapy (RT) is a medical treatment to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. To manually schedule patients for RT is a time-consuming and challenging task. By the use of optimization, patient schedules for RT can be created…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-04 Sara Frimodig , Per Enqvist , Mats Carlsson , Carole Mercier

Individualized treatment rules (ITRs) have been widely applied in many fields such as precision medicine and personalized marketing. Beyond the extensive studies on ITR for binary or multiple treatments, there is considerable interest in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-08 Qi Xu , Xiaoke Cao , Geping Chen , Hanqi Zeng , Haoda Fu , Annie Qu

Estimating individualised treatment effect (ITE) -- that is the causal effect of a set of variables (also called exposures, treatments, actions, policies, or interventions), referred to as \textit{composite treatments}, on a set of outcome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Vinod Kumar Chauhan , Lei Clifton , Gaurav Nigam , David A. Clifton

A treatment regime is a rule that assigns a treatment to patients based on their covariate information. Recently, estimation of the optimal treatment regime that yields the greatest overall expected clinical outcome of interest has…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-07 Kevin Gunn , Wenbin Lu , Rui Song

Observational data have been actively used to estimate treatment effect, driven by the growing availability of electronic health records (EHRs). However, EHRs typically consist of longitudinal records, often introducing time-dependent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Junghwan Lee , Simin Ma , Nicoleta Serban , Shihao Yang

One of the primary goals of statistical precision medicine is to learn optimal individualized treatment rules (ITRs). The classification-based, or machine learning-based, approach to estimating optimal ITRs was first introduced in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-18 Sophia Yazzourh , Nikki L. B. Freeman

Optimal treatment regimes (OTR) are individualised treatment assignment strategies that identify a medical treatment as optimal given all background information available on the individual. We discuss Bayes optimal treatment regimes…

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) consist of a sequence of decision rules, one per stage of intervention, that finds effective treatments for individual patients according to patient information history. DTRs can be estimated from models…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-07 Zeyu Bian , Erica EM Moodie , Susan M Shortreed , Sahir Bhatnagar

The current body of research on developing optimal treatment strategies often places emphasis on intention-to-treat analyses, which fail to take into account the compliance behavior of individuals. Methods based on instrumental variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-21 Cuong T. Pham , Kevin G. Lynch , James R. McKay , Ashkan Ertefaie

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the standard for evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions. To address the limitations of RCTs on real-world populations, we developed a methodology that uses a large observational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Panayiotis Petousis , David Gordon , Susanne B. Nicholas , Alex A. T. Bui

With the increasing adoption of electronic health records, there is an increasing interest in developing individualized treatment rules, which recommend treatments according to patients' characteristics, from large observational data.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-05 Muxuan Liang , Young-Geun Choi , Yang Ning , Maureen A Smith , Ying-Qi Zhao

Many policies involve dynamics in their treatment assignments, where individuals receive sequential interventions over multiple stages. We study estimation of an optimal dynamic treatment regime that guides the optimal treatment assignment…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-04 Shosei Sakaguchi

In this paper, we outline a principled approach to estimate an individualized treatment rule that is appropriate for data from observational studies where, in addition to treatment assignment not being independent of individual…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-05 Jeremy Roth , Noah Simon

In aims to uncover insights into medical decision-making embedded within observational data from clinical settings, we present a novel application of Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) that identifies suboptimal clinician actions based on…

Individualized treatments are crucial for optimal decision making and treatment allocation, specifically in personalized medicine based on the estimation of an individual's dose-response curve across a continuum of treatment levels, e.g.,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-20 Max Sampson , Kung-Sik Chan

The optimal strategy for deploying a treatment in a population may recommend giving all in the population that treatment. Such a strategy may not be feasible, especially in resource-limited settings. One approach for determining how to…

Applications · Statistics 2025-02-21 Lina M. Montoya , Elvin H. Geng , Harriet F. Adhiambo , Maya L. Petersen