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Online Learning to Rank (OL2R) eliminates the need of explicit relevance annotation by directly optimizing the rankers from their interactions with users. However, the required exploration drives it away from successful practices in offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Yiling Jia , Huazheng Wang , Stephen Guo , Hongning Wang

This tutorial covers and contrasts the two main methodologies in unbiased Learning to Rank (LTR): Counterfactual LTR and Online LTR. There has long been an interest in LTR from user interactions, however, this form of implicit feedback is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Harrie Oosterhuis , Rolf Jagerman , Maarten de Rijke

Online learning to rank (ONL2R) is a foundational problem for recommender systems and has received increasing attention in recent years. Among the existing approaches for ONL2R, a natural modeling architecture is the multi-armed bandit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Tianchen Zhou , Jia Liu , Yang Jiao , Chaosheng Dong , Yetian Chen , Yan Gao , Yi Sun

This paper reports on findings from a comparative study on the effectiveness and efficiency of federated unlearning strategies within Federated Online Learning to Rank (FOLTR), with specific attention to systematically analysing the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yiling Tao , Shuyi Wang , Jiaxi Yang , Guido Zuccon

Existing online learning to rank (OL2R) solutions are limited to linear models, which are incompetent to capture possible non-linear relations between queries and documents. In this work, to unleash the power of representation learning in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Yiling Jia , Hongning Wang

In Online Learning to Rank (OLTR) the aim is to find an optimal ranking model by interacting with users. When learning from user behavior, systems must interact with users while simultaneously learning from those interactions. Unlike other…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

Collaborative Topic Regression (CTR) combines ideas of probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF) and topic modeling (e.g., LDA) for recommender systems, which has gained increasing successes in many applications. Despite enjoying many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-31 Chenghao Liu , Tao Jin , Steven C. H. Hoi , Peilin Zhao , Jianling Sun

Offline-to-online reinforcement learning (RL) improves sample efficiency by leveraging pre-collected datasets prior to online interaction. A key challenge, however, is learning an accurate critic in large state--action spaces with limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Andrew Choi , Wei Xu

Learning-to-rank (LTR) is a class of supervised learning techniques that apply to ranking problems dealing with a large number of features. The popularity and widespread application of LTR models in prioritizing information in a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Jaspreet Singh , Zhenye Wang , Megha Khosla , Avishek Anand

Unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) aims to mitigate various biases existing in user clicks, such as position bias, trust bias, presentation bias, and learn an effective ranker. In this paper, we introduce our winning approach for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Lulu Yu , Yiting Wang , Xiaojie Sun , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo

We consider an online learning to rank setting in which, at each round, an oblivious adversary generates a list of $m$ documents, pertaining to a query, and the learner produces scores to rank the documents. The adversary then generates a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Sougata Chaudhuri , Ambuj Tewari

Online learning to rank is a sequential decision-making problem where in each round the learning agent chooses a list of items and receives feedback in the form of clicks from the user. Many sample-efficient algorithms have been proposed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-20 Tor Lattimore , Branislav Kveton , Shuai Li , Csaba Szepesvari

We study the problem of {\em online} low-rank matrix completion with $\mathsf{M}$ users, $\mathsf{N}$ items and $\mathsf{T}$ rounds. In each round, the algorithm recommends one item per user, for which it gets a (noisy) reward sampled from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Prateek Jain , Soumyabrata Pal

Learning-to-Rank (LTR) is a supervised machine learning approach that constructs models specifically designed to order a set of items or documents based on their relevance or importance to a given query or context. Despite significant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Camilo Gomez , Pengyang Wang , Yanjie Fu

Counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) aims to learn a ranking policy from user interactions while correcting for the inherent biases in interaction data, such as position bias. Existing CLTR methods assume a single ranking policy that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Shashank Gupta , Yiming Liao , Maarten de Rijke

Online learning to rank (OL2R) has attracted great research interests in recent years, thanks to its advantages in avoiding expensive relevance labeling as required in offline supervised ranking model learning. Such a solution explores the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Yiling Jia , Hongning Wang

The recent literature on online learning to rank (LTR) has established the utility of prior knowledge to Bayesian ranking bandit algorithms. However, a major limitation of existing work is the requirement for the prior used by the algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Javad Azizi , Ofer Meshi , Masrour Zoghi , Maryam Karimzadehgan

The goal of unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) is to leverage implicit user feedback for optimizing learning-to-rank systems. Among existing solutions, automatic ULTR algorithms that jointly learn user bias models (i.e., propensity models)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Dan Luo , Lixin Zou , Qingyao Ai , Zhiyu Chen , Chenliang Li , Dawei Yin , Brian D. Davison

Learning to rank systems has become an important aspect of our daily life. However, the implicit user feedback that is used to train many learning to rank models is usually noisy and suffered from user bias (i.e., position bias). Thus,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Anh Tran , Tao Yang , Qingyao Ai

In web search and recommendation systems, user clicks are widely used to train ranking models. However, click data is heavily biased, i.e., users tend to click higher-ranked items (position bias), choose only what was shown to them…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Haoming Gong , Qingyao Ai , Zhihao Tao , Yongfeng Zhang