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We propose the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), a high-performing neural network activation function. The GELU activation function is $x\Phi(x)$, where $\Phi(x)$ the standard Gaussian cumulative distribution function. The GELU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Dan Hendrycks , Kevin Gimpel

Stable and efficient training of ReLU networks with large depth is highly sensitive to weight initialization. Improper initialization can cause permanent neuron inactivation dying ReLU and exacerbate gradient instability as network depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hyungu Lee , Taehyeong Kim , Hayoung Choi

We study stochastic mixed integer programs with both first-stage and recourse decisions involving mixed integer variables. A new family of Lagrangian cuts, termed ``ReLU Lagrangian cuts," is introduced by reformulating the nonanticipativity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Haoyun Deng , Weijun Xie

Well-known activation functions like ReLU or Leaky ReLU are non-differentiable at the origin. Over the years, many smooth approximations of ReLU have been proposed using various smoothing techniques. We propose new smooth approximations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Koushik Biswas , Sandeep Kumar , Shilpak Banerjee , Ashish Kumar Pandey

Activation functions have come up as one of the essential components of neural networks. The choice of adequate activation function can impact the accuracy of these methods. In this study, we experiment for finding an optimal activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Vipul Bansal

Rectified linear unit (ReLU) is a widely used activation function for deep convolutional neural networks. However, because of the zero-hard rectification, ReLU networks miss the benefits from negative values. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Suo Qiu , Xiangmin Xu , Bolun Cai

The choice of activation functions is crucial for modern deep neural networks. Popular hand-designed activation functions like Rectified Linear Unit(ReLU) and its variants show promising performance in various tasks and models. Swish, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Yucong Zhou , Zezhou Zhu , Zhao Zhong

Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) have emerged as a powerful framework for modeling continuous signals. The spectral bias of ReLU-based networks is a well-established limitation, restricting their ability to capture fine-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Alireza Morsali , MohammadJavad Vaez , Mohammadhossein Soltani , Amirhossein Kazerouni , Babak Taati , Morteza Mohammad-Noori

We present a new approach for input optimization of ReLU networks that explicitly takes into account the effect of changes in activation patterns. We analyze local optimization steps in both the input space and the space of activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hongzhan Yu , Sicun Gao

Activation function is a pivotal component of deep learning, facilitating the extraction of intricate data patterns. While classical activation functions like ReLU and its variants are extensively utilized, their static nature and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Barathi Subramanian , Rathinaraja Jeyaraj , Rakhmonov Akhrorjon Akhmadjon Ugli

We aim to solve a structured convex optimization problem, where a nonsmooth function is composed with a linear operator. When opting for full splitting schemes, usually, primal-dual type methods are employed as they are effective and also…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-17 Radu Ioan Bot , Axel Böhm

Nonlinear activation functions are widely recognized for enhancing the expressivity of neural networks, which is the primary reason for their widespread implementation. In this work, we focus on ReLU activation and reveal a novel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Chaoyue Liu , Han Bi , Like Hui , Xiao Liu

Effective activation functions introduce non-linear transformations, providing neural networks with stronger fitting capa-bilities, which help them better adapt to real data distributions. Huawei Noah's Lab believes that dynamic activation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chuan Feng , Xi Lin , Shiping Zhu , Hongkang Shi , Maojie Tang , Hua Huang

Exploiting activation sparsity is a promising approach to significantly accelerating the inference process of large language models (LLMs) without compromising performance. However, activation sparsity is determined by activation functions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yixin Song , Haotong Xie , Zhengyan Zhang , Bo Wen , Li Ma , Zeyu Mi , Haibo Chen

In this paper, a novel neural network activation function, called Symmetrical Gaussian Error Linear Unit (SGELU), is proposed to obtain high performance. It is achieved by effectively integrating the property of the stochastic regularizer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Chao Yu , Zhiguo Su

Activation functions introduce nonlinearity into deep neural networks. Most popular activation functions allow positive values to pass through while blocking or suppressing negative values. From the idea that positive values and negative…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Junjia Chen , Zhibin Pan

In this paper, we consider robust nonparametric regression using deep neural networks with ReLU activation function. While several existing theoretically justified methods are geared towards robustness against identical heavy-tailed noise…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-01 Juntong Chen

To enhance the nonlinearity of neural networks and increase their mapping abilities between the inputs and response variables, activation functions play a crucial role to model more complex relationships and patterns in the data. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Haigen Hu , Aizhu Liu , Qiu Guan , Xiaoxin Li , Shengyong Chen , Qianwei Zhou

In this work, a method of random parameters generation for randomized learning of a single-hidden-layer feedforward neural network is proposed. The method firstly, randomly selects the slope angles of the hidden neurons activation functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Grzegorz Dudek

Recently, neural networks have been widely applied in the power system area. They can be used for better predicting input information and modeling system performance with increased accuracy. In some applications such as battery degradation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Cunzhi Zhao , Fan Jiang , Xingpeng Li