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Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly adopted in the software engineering domain, yet the robustness of their grasp on core software design concepts remains unclear. We conduct an empirical study to systematically evaluate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mootez Saad , Boqi Chen , José Antonio Hernández López , Dániel Varró , Tushar Sharma

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on mathematical reasoning under well-defined conditions. However, real-world engineering problems involve uncertainty, context, and open-ended settings that extend beyond symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiyuan Zhou , Xinlei Wang , Yirui He , Yang Wu , Ruixi Zou , Yuheng Cheng , Yulu Xie , Wenxuan Liu , Huan Zhao , Yan Xu , Jinjin Gu , Junhua Zhao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in open-vocabulary perceptual tasks, yet their ability to solve complex cognitive problems remains limited, especially when visual details are abstract and require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Boyi Li , Yifan Shen , Yuanzhe Liu , Yifan Xu , Jiateng Liu , Xinzhuo Li , Zhengyuan Li , Jingyuan Zhu , Yunhan Zhong , Fangzhou Lan , Jianguo Cao , James M. Rehg , Heng Ji , Ismini Lourentzou , Xu Cao

Diagrams represent a form of visual language that encodes abstract concepts and relationships through structured symbols and their spatial arrangements. Unlike natural images, they are inherently symbolic, and entirely artificial. They thus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yanpeng Sun , Shan Zhang , Wei Tang , Aotian Chen , Piotr Koniusz , Kai Zou , Yuan Xue , Anton van den Hengel

Recent large multimodal models (LMMs) have made rapid progress in visual grounding, document understanding, and diagram reasoning tasks. However, their ability to convert Printed Circuit Board (PCB) schematic diagrams into machine-readable…

With the rapid progress of Multimodal LLMs, evaluating their mathematical reasoning capabilities has become an increasingly important research direction. In particular, visual-textual mathematical reasoning serves as a key indicator of an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hao Liang , Linzhuang Sun , Minxuan Zhou , Zirong Chen , Meiyi Qiang , Mingan Lin , Tianpeng Li , Fan Yang , Zenan Zhou , Wentao Zhang

Structure reasoning is a fundamental capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to reason about structured commonsense and answer multi-hop questions. However, existing benchmarks for structure reasoning mainly focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Zhuohang Jiang , Pangjing Wu , Ziran Liang , Peter Q. Chen , Xu Yuan , Ye Jia , Jiancheng Tu , Chen Li , Peter H. F. Ng , Qing Li

The generation of high-fidelity synthetic data is a cornerstone of modern machine learning, yet Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently suffer from hallucinations, logical inconsistencies, and mode collapse when tasked with structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zehua Cheng , Wei Dai , Jiahao Sun , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly applied in real-world scenarios where user-provided images are often imperfect, requiring active image manipulations such as cropping, editing, or enhancement to uncover salient…

Large vision-language models (VLMs) have garnered increasing interest in autonomous driving areas, due to their advanced capabilities in complex reasoning tasks essential for highly autonomous vehicle behavior. Despite their potential,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ming Nie , Renyuan Peng , Chunwei Wang , Xinyue Cai , Jianhua Han , Hang Xu , Li Zhang

Recent studies on reasoning in language models (LMs) have sparked a debate on whether they can learn systematic inferential principles or merely exploit superficial patterns in the training data. To understand and uncover the mechanisms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Geonhee Kim , Marco Valentino , André Freitas

Understanding and reasoning about code semantics is essential for enhancing code LLMs' abilities to solve real-world software engineering (SE) tasks. Although several code reasoning benchmarks exist, most rely on synthetic datasets or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Monoshi Kumar Roy , Simin Chen , Benjamin Steenhoek , Jinjun Peng , Gail Kaiser , Baishakhi Ray , Wei Le

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show reasoning promise, yet their visual perception is a critical bottleneck. Strikingly, MLLMs can produce correct answers even while misinterpreting crucial visual elements, masking these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Aditya Kanade , Tanuja Ganu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable proficiency on general-purpose vision-language benchmarks, reaching or even exceeding human-level performance. However, these evaluations typically rely on standard…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wenjin Hou , Wei Liu , Han Hu , Xiaoxiao Sun , Serena Yeung-Levy , Hehe Fan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in both academia and industry due to their remarkable performance in various applications such as visual question answering, visual perception, understanding, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jian Li , Weiheng Lu , Hao Fei , Meng Luo , Ming Dai , Min Xia , Yizhang Jin , Zhenye Gan , Ding Qi , Chaoyou Fu , Ying Tai , Wankou Yang , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang

Chemical reasoning inherently integrates visual, textual, and symbolic modalities, yet existing benchmarks rarely capture this complexity, often relying on simple image-text pairs with limited chemical semantics. As a result, the actual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zhiyuan Huang , Baichuan Yang , Zikun He , Yanhong Wu , Fang Hongyu , Zhenhe Liu , Lin Dongsheng , Bing Su

Daily scenarios are characterized by visual richness, requiring Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to filter noise and identify decisive visual clues for accurate reasoning. Yet, current benchmarks predominantly aim at evaluating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Xiaomin Li , Tala Wang , Zichen Zhong , Ying Zhang , Zirui Zheng , Takashi Isobe , Dezhuang Li , Huchuan Lu , You He , Xu Jia

While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides in natural image understanding, their ability to perceive and reason over hyperspectral image (HSI) remains underexplored, which is a vital modality in remote…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xinyu Zhang , Zurong Mai , Qingmei Li , Zjin Liao , Yibin Wen , Yuhang Chen , Xiaoya Fan , Chan Tsz Ho , Bi Tianyuan , Haoyuan Liang , Ruifeng Su , Zihao Qian , Juepeng Zheng , Jianxi Huang , Yutong Lu , Haohuan Fu

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has proven effective in enhancing large language models by encouraging step-by-step intermediate reasoning, and recent advances have extended this paradigm to Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). In the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Juntao Jiang , Jiangning Zhang , Yali Bi , Jinsheng Bai , Weixuan Liu , Weiwei Jin , Zhucun Xue , Yong Liu , Xiaobin Hu , Shuicheng Yan

Can multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) truly understand what they can see? Extending Searle's Chinese Room into the multi-modal domain, this paper proposes the Visual Room argument: MLLMs may describe every visual detail precisely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Haokun Li , Yazhou Zhang , Jizhi Ding , Qiuchi Li , Peng Zhang