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Automated Audio Captioning is a multimodal task that aims to convert audio content into natural language. The assessment of audio captioning systems is typically based on quantitative metrics applied to text data. Previous studies have…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Gijs Wijngaard , Elia Formisano , Bruno L. Giordano , Michel Dumontier

As large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on traditional benchmarks, there is an urgent need for more challenging evaluation frameworks that probe deeper aspects of semantic understanding. We introduce SAGE (Semantic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Samarth Goel , Reagan J. Lee , Kannan Ramchandran

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), where effective multimodal learning depends on the alignment between audio and text. Despite various fusion methods, no standard metric exists to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pooneh Mousavi , Yingzhi Wang , Mirco Ravanelli , Cem Subakan

Recent machine translation (MT) metrics calibrate their effectiveness by correlating with human judgement but without any insights about their behaviour across different error types. Challenge sets are used to probe specific dimensions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Nikita Moghe , Arnisa Fazla , Chantal Amrhein , Tom Kocmi , Mark Steedman , Alexandra Birch , Rico Sennrich , Liane Guillou

Machine Translation (MT) Quality Estimation (QE) assesses translation reliability without reference texts. This study introduces "textual similarity" as a new metric for QE, using sentence transformers and cosine similarity to measure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kun Sun , Rong Wang

Style is an integral part of natural language. However, evaluation methods for style measures are rare, often task-specific and usually do not control for content. We propose the modular, fine-grained and content-controlled similarity-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Anna Wegmann , Dong Nguyen

We present the TAPAS contribution to the Shared Task on Statement Verification and Evidence Finding with Tables (SemEval 2021 Task 9, Wang et al. (2021)). SEM TAB FACT Task A is a classification task of recognizing if a statement is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Thomas Müller , Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Syrine Krichene

Reliable evaluation is essential for understanding large language model (LLM) performance, yet today's go-to metrics, namely token-overlap scores (e.g., ROUGE) and embedding-based measures (e.g., BERTScore), often misjudge semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Siran Li , Ece Sena Etoglu , Carsten Eickhoff , Seyed Ali Bahrainian

Syntax is a fundamental component of language, yet few metrics have been employed to capture syntactic similarity or coherence at the utterance- and document-level. The existing standard document-level syntactic similarity metric is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Maximillian Chen , Caitlyn Chen , Xiao Yu , Zhou Yu

In this article, we explore the potential of using sentence-level discourse structure for machine translation evaluation. We first design discourse-aware similarity measures, which use all-subtree kernels to compare discourse parse trees in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-05 Shafiq Joty , Francisco Guzmán , Lluís Màrquez , Preslav Nakov

Autoformalization, the task of automatically translating natural language descriptions into a formal language, poses a significant challenge across various domains, especially in mathematics. Recent advancements in large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zenan Li , Yifan Wu , Zhaoyu Li , Xinming Wei , Xian Zhang , Fan Yang , Xiaoxing Ma

Effective sentence embeddings that capture semantic nuances and generalize well across diverse contexts are crucial for natural language processing tasks. We address this challenge by applying SimCSE (Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Yumeng Wang , Ziran Zhou , Junjin Wang

We propose a new uniform framework for text classification and ranking that can automate the process of identifying check-worthy sentences in political debates and speech transcripts. Our framework combines the semantic analysis of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ting Su , Craig Macdonald , Iadh Ounis

Semantic textual similarity (STS) is a fundamental NLP task that measures the semantic similarity between a pair of sentences. In order to reduce the inherent ambiguity posed from the sentences, a recent work called Conditional STS (C-STS)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jingxuan Tu , Keer Xu , Liulu Yue , Bingyang Ye , Kyeongmin Rim , James Pustejovsky

Automated speaking assessment (ASA) typically involves automatic speech recognition (ASR) and hand-crafted feature extraction from the ASR transcript of a learner's speech. Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL) has shown stellar…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tien-Hong Lo , Fu-An Chao , Tzu-I Wu , Yao-Ting Sung , Berlin Chen

Recently, sentiment-aware pre-trained language models (PLMs) demonstrate impressive results in downstream sentiment analysis tasks. However, they neglect to evaluate the quality of their constructed sentiment representations; they just…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jaemin Kim , Yohan Na , Kangmin Kim , Sang Rak Lee , Dong-Kyu Chae

Since the introduction of BERT and RoBERTa, research on Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) has made groundbreaking progress. Particularly, the adoption of contrastive learning has substantially elevated state-of-the-art performance across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Bowen Zhang , Chunping Li

We address the task of unsupervised Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) by ensembling diverse pre-trained sentence encoders into sentence meta-embeddings. We apply, extend and evaluate different meta-embedding methods from the word embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Nina Poerner , Ulli Waltinger , Hinrich Schütze

Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a recently designed semantic representation language intended to capture the meaning of a sentence, which may be represented as a single-rooted directed acyclic graph with labeled nodes and edges.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Rafael T. Anchieta , Marco A. S. Cabezudo , Thiago A. S. Pardo

This paper revisits recent code similarity evaluation metrics, particularly focusing on the application of Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) editing distance in diverse programming languages. In particular, we explore the usefulness of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yewei Song , Cedric Lothritz , Daniel Tang , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Jacques Klein