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The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

Serverless computing is an emerging cloud computing paradigm that can reduce costs for cloud providers and their customers. However, serverless cloud platforms have stringent performance requirements (due to the need to execute short…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-04 S. Qi , H. Moore , N. Hogade , D. Milojicic , C. Bash , S. Pasricha

Given limited and costly computational infrastructure, resource efficiency is a key requirement for large language models (LLMs). Efficient LLMs increase service capacity for providers and reduce latency and API costs for users. Recent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuanhe Zhang , Xinyue Wang , Zhican Chen , Weiliu Wang , Zilu Zhang , Zhengshuo Gong , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun , Yang Liu , Sen Su

Existing approaches to automatic data transformation are insufficient to meet the requirements in many real-world scenarios, such as the building sector. First, there is no convenient interface for domain experts to provide domain knowledge…

In recent years, the rapid advancement and impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evident across various domains. This paper explores the application, implications, and potential of LLMs in building energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-20 Liang Zhang , Zhelun Chen

Data centers are the building blocks of IT business organizations providing the capabilities of centralized repository for storage, management, networking and dissemination of data. With the rapid increase in the capacity and size of data…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-10-26 Mueen Uddin , Azizah Abdul Rahman

The AI datacenters are currently being deployed on a large scale to support the training and deployment of power-intensive large-language models (LLMs). Extensive amount of computation and cooling required in datacenters increase concerns…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Nardos Belay Abera , Yize Chen

While the large energy consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is recognized by the community, system operators lack guidance for energy-efficient LLM inference deployments that leverage energy trade-offs of heterogeneous hardware due…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Mauricio Fadel Argerich , Jonathan Fürst , Marta Patiño-Martínez

Large language models (LLMs) are used in software development to assist in various tasks, e.g., code generation and code completion, but empirical evaluations of the quality of the results produced by these models focus on correctness and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Lola Solovyeva , Sophie Weidmann , Fernando Castor

Serverless computing has emerged as a compelling solution for cloud-based model inference. However, as modern large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size, existing serverless platforms often face substantial model startup…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Minchen Yu , Rui Yang , Chaobo Jia , Zhaoyuan Su , Sheng Yao , Tingfeng Lan , Yuchen Yang , Zirui Wang , Yue Cheng , Wei Wang , Ao Wang , Ruichuan Chen

The rapid growth of AI has fueled the expansion of accelerator- or GPU-based data centers. However, the rising operational energy consumption has emerged as a critical bottleneck and a major sustainability concern. Dynamic Voltage and…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Jeffrey Spaan , Kuan-Hsun Chen , Ana-Lucia Varbanescu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way we operate our society and will undoubtedly impact power systems as well - but how exactly? By integrating various data streams - including real-time grid data, market dynamics, and consumer…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Seyyedreza Madani , Ahmadreza Tavasoli , Zahra Khoshtarash Astaneh , Pierre-Olivier Pineau

Over 40% of computational power in Large Language Model (LLM) serving systems can be systematically wasted - not from hardware limits, but from load imbalance in barrier-synchronized parallel processing. When progress is gated by the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zixi Chen , Tianci Bu , Chendong Song , Xin Lu , Yinyu Ye , Zijie Zhou

Code translation aims to convert source code from one programming language (PL) to another. Given the promising abilities of large language models (LLMs) in code synthesis, researchers are exploring their potential to automate code…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in production, contributing towards shifting the burden in terms of computational resources and energy demands from training to inference. While prior work has examined the energy cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Julien Delavande , Regis Pierrard , Sasha Luccioni

Context: The increasing adoption of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies raises growing concerns about their environmental sustainability. Developing and deploying ML-enabled systems is computationally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming the backbone of modern cloud services, yet their inference costs are dominated by GPU energy. Unlike traditional GPU workloads, LLM inference has two stages with different characteristics: the…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Qunyou Liu , Darong Huang , Marina Zapater , David Atienza

Decoding strategies significantly influence the quality and diversity of the generated text in Large Language Models (LLMs), yet their impact on computational resources, particularly GPU energy consumption, is insufficiently studied. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Alireza Nik , Michael A. Riegler , Pål Halvorsen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently made significant advances in code generation through the 'Chain-of-Thought' prompting technique. This technique empowers the model to autonomously devise "solution plans" to tackle intricate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhihong Sun , Chen Lyu , Bolun Li , Yao Wan , Hongyu Zhang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Serverless computing (also known as functions as a service) is a new cloud computing abstraction that makes it easier to write robust, large-scale web services. In serverless computing, programmers write what are called serverless…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Abhinav Jangda , Donald Pinckney , Yuriy Brun , Arjun Guha