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We provide an approach that closely estimates an organization's cyber resources directly from vulnerability timestamps, using a non-stationary queueing framework. Traditional attack-surface metrics operate on static snapshots, ignoring the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Abdullah Y. Etcibasi , Zachary Dobos , C. Emre Koksal

As autonomous agentic AI systems see increasing adoption across organisations, persistent challenges in alignment, governance, and risk management threaten to impede deployment at scale. We present AURA (Agent aUtonomy Risk Assessment), a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Lorenzo Satta Chiris , Ayush Mishra

Mobile GUI Agents, AI agents capable of interacting with mobile applications on behalf of users, have the potential to transform human computer interaction. However, current evaluation practices for GUI agents face two fundamental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Youngmin Im , Byeongung Jo , Jaeyoung Wi , Seungwoo Baek , Tae Hoon Min , Joo Hyung Lee , Sangeun Oh , Insik Shin , Sunjae Lee

Existing GUI agent models relying on coordinate-based one-step visual grounding struggle with generalizing to varying input resolutions and aspect ratios. Alternatives introduce coordinate-free strategies yet suffer from learning under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xiaoce Wang , Guibin Zhang , Junzhe Li , Jinzhe Tu , Chun Li , Ming Li

Balancing safety and efficiency when planning in dense traffic is challenging. Interactive behavior planners incorporate prediction uncertainty and interactivity inherent to these traffic situations. Yet, their use of single-objective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Julian Bernhard , Alois Knoll

Industrial reports indicate that security incidents continue to inflict large financial losses on organizations. Researchers and industrial analysts contend that there are fundamental problems with existing security incident response…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-08-12 George Grispos , William Bradley Glisson , Tim Storer

Autonomous vehicles must remain safe and effective when encountering rare long-tailed scenarios or cyber-physical intrusions during driving. We present RAIL, a risk-aware human-in-the-loop framework that turns heterogeneous runtime signals…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Dawood Wasif , Terrence J. Moore , Seunghyun Yoon , Hyuk Lim , Dan Dongseong Kim , Frederica F. Nelson , Jin-Hee Cho

We present Agent S, an open agentic framework that enables autonomous interaction with computers through a Graphical User Interface (GUI), aimed at transforming human-computer interaction by automating complex, multi-step tasks. Agent S…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Saaket Agashe , Jiuzhou Han , Shuyu Gan , Jiachen Yang , Ang Li , Xin Eric Wang

Proactive cyber-risk assessment is gaining momentum due to the wide range of sectors that can benefit from the prevention of cyber-incidents by preserving integrity, confidentiality, and the availability of data. The rising attention to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-11 Mario Angelelli , Serena Arima , Christian Catalano , Enrico Ciavolino

Heavy use of spreadsheets by organisations bears many potential risks such as errors, ambiguity, data loss, duplication, and fraud. In this paper these risks are briefly outlined along with their available mitigation methods such as:…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Mahmood H. Shubbak , Simon Thorne

Computer use agents are LLM-based agents that can directly interact with a graphical user interface, by processing screenshots or accessibility trees. While these systems are gaining popularity, their safety has been largely overlooked,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Thomas Kuntz , Agatha Duzan , Hao Zhao , Francesco Croce , Zico Kolter , Nicolas Flammarion , Maksym Andriushchenko

Outsourcing of information and communication technologies (ICT) and related services is an established and growing industry. Recent trends, such as the move toward multi-sourcing have increased the complexity and risk of these outsourcing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-06-09 Deborah Bunker , Catherine Hardy , Abdul Babar , Ken Stevens

Risk-bounded motion planning is an important yet difficult problem for safety-critical tasks. While existing mathematical programming methods offer theoretical guarantees in the context of constrained Markov decision processes, they either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Xin Huang , Meng Feng , Ashkan Jasour , Guy Rosman , Brian Williams

As generative AI systems are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, regulating multiple dimensions of model behavior has become essential. We focus on test-time filtering: a lightweight mechanism for behavior control that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-01 Sunay Joshi , Yan Sun , Hamed Hassani , Edgar Dobriban

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has the potential to improve the robustness of GUI agents in stochastic environments, yet training is highly sensitive to the quality of the reward function. Existing reward approaches struggle to achieve both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zehao Li , Zhenyu Wu , Yibo Zhao , Bowen Yang , Jingjing Xie , Zhaoyang Liu , Zhoumianze Liu , Kaiming Jin , Jianze Liang , Zonglin Li , Feng Wu , Bowen Zhou , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding

Vision-language model-based mobile agents have gained the ability to understand complex instructions and mobile screenshots, benefiting from reinforcement learning paradigms like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jihao Gu , Qihang Ai , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jingxuan Xing , Zekun Zhu , Wei Jiang , Ziming Wang , Yingxiu Zhao , Ming-Liang Zhang , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

In recent cyber attacks, credential theft has emerged as one of the primary vectors of gaining entry into the system. Once attacker(s) have a foothold in the system, they use various techniques including token manipulation to elevate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Jaimandeep Singh , Chintan Patel , Naveen Kumar Chaudhary

Web agents automate browser tasks, ranging from simple form completion to complex workflows like ordering groceries. While current benchmarks evaluate general-purpose performance~(e.g., WebArena) or safety against malicious actions~(e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Guruprasad Viswanathan Ramesh , Asmit Nayak , Basieem Siddique , Kassem Fawaz

Recent advances in GUI agents have achieved remarkable grounding and action-prediction performance, yet existing models struggle with unreliable reward signals and limited online trajectory generation. In this paper, we introduce Orcust, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Junyu Lu , Songxin Zhang , Zejian Xie , Zhuoyang Song , Jiaxing Zhang

The development of autonomous agents for graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents major challenges in artificial intelligence. While recent advances in native agent models have shown promise by unifying perception, reasoning, action, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Haoming Wang , Haoyang Zou , Huatong Song , Jiazhan Feng , Junjie Fang , Junting Lu , Longxiang Liu , Qinyu Luo , Shihao Liang , Shijue Huang , Wanjun Zhong , Yining Ye , Yujia Qin , Yuwen Xiong , Yuxin Song , Zhiyong Wu , Aoyan Li , Bo Li , Chen Dun , Chong Liu , Daoguang Zan , Fuxing Leng , Hanbin Wang , Hao Yu , Haobin Chen , Hongyi Guo , Jing Su , Jingjia Huang , Kai Shen , Kaiyu Shi , Lin Yan , Peiyao Zhao , Pengfei Liu , Qinghao Ye , Renjie Zheng , Shulin Xin , Wayne Xin Zhao , Wen Heng , Wenhao Huang , Wenqian Wang , Xiaobo Qin , Yi Lin , Youbin Wu , Zehui Chen , Zihao Wang , Baoquan Zhong , Xinchun Zhang , Xujing Li , Yuanfan Li , Zhongkai Zhao , Chengquan Jiang , Faming Wu , Haotian Zhou , Jinlin Pang , Li Han , Qi Liu , Qianli Ma , Siyao Liu , Songhua Cai , Wenqi Fu , Xin Liu , Yaohui Wang , Zhi Zhang , Bo Zhou , Guoliang Li , Jiajun Shi , Jiale Yang , Jie Tang , Li Li , Qihua Han , Taoran Lu , Woyu Lin , Xiaokang Tong , Xinyao Li , Yichi Zhang , Yu Miao , Zhengxuan Jiang , Zili Li , Ziyuan Zhao , Chenxin Li , Dehua Ma , Feng Lin , Ge Zhang , Haihua Yang , Hangyu Guo , Hongda Zhu , Jiaheng Liu , Junda Du , Kai Cai , Kuanye Li , Lichen Yuan , Meilan Han , Minchao Wang , Shuyue Guo , Tianhao Cheng , Xiaobo Ma , Xiaojun Xiao , Xiaolong Huang , Xinjie Chen , Yidi Du , Yilin Chen , Yiwen Wang , Zhaojian Li , Zhenzhu Yang , Zhiyuan Zeng , Chaolin Jin , Chen Li , Hao Chen , Haoli Chen , Jian Chen , Qinghao Zhao , Guang Shi