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Fine-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks through data poisoning, yet the internal mechanisms governing these attacks remain a black box. Previous research on interpretability for LLM safety tends to focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Miao Yu , Zhenhong Zhou , Moayad Aloqaily , Kun Wang , Biwei Huang , Stephen Wang , Yueming Jin , Qingsong Wen

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train machine learning models under the coordination of a central server, while maintaining privacy. However, the server cannot directly monitor the local training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Binbin Ding , Penghui Yang , Sheng-Jun Huang

Backdoor attack has emerged as a novel and concerning threat to AI security. These attacks involve the training of Deep Neural Network (DNN) on datasets that contain hidden trigger patterns. Although the poisoned model behaves normally on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Huasong Zhou , Xiaowei Xu , Xiaodong Wang , Leon Bevan Bullock

Software vulnerability detection is generally supported by automated static analysis tools, which have recently been reinforced by deep learning (DL) models. However, despite the superior performance of DL-based approaches over rule-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Yanjing Yang , Xin Zhou , Runfeng Mao , Jinwei Xu , Lanxin Yang , Yu Zhangm , Haifeng Shen , He Zhang

The advent of Large Language Models LLMs marks a milestone in Artificial Intelligence, altering how machines comprehend and generate human language. However, LLMs are vulnerable to malicious prompt injection attacks, where crafted inputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sahasra Kokkula , Somanathan R , Nandavardhan R , Aashishkumar , G Divya

The growing use of FPGAs in reconfigurable systems introducessecurity risks through malicious bitstreams that could cause denial-of-service (DoS), data leakage, or covert attacks. We investigated chip-level hardware malicious payload in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rye Stahle-Smith , Rasha Karakchi

With the burgeoning advancements in the field of natural language processing (NLP), the demand for training data has increased significantly. To save costs, it has become common for users and businesses to outsource the labor-intensive task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Ziqiang Li , Yueqi Zeng , Pengfei Xia , Lei Liu , Zhangjie Fu , Bin Li

The demand for efficient large language model (LLM) inference has propelled the development of dedicated accelerators. As accelerators are vulnerable to hardware faults due to aging, variation, etc, existing accelerator designs often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tong Xie , Jiawang Zhao , Zishen Wan , Zuodong Zhang , Yuan Wang , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang , Meng Li

Prompt injection attacks pose a pervasive threat to the security of Large Language Models (LLMs). State-of-the-art prevention-based defenses typically rely on fine-tuning an LLM to enhance its security, but they achieve limited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yupei Liu , Yanting Wang , Yuqi Jia , Jinyuan Jia , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained significant attention across various domains. However, their widespread adoption has also raised serious safety concerns. In this paper, we uncover a new safety risk of MLLMs:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yifan Lan , Yuanpu Cao , Weitong Zhang , Lu Lin , Jinghui Chen

Current adversarial attack research reveals the vulnerability of learning-based classifiers against carefully crafted perturbations. However, most existing attack methods have inherent limitations in cross-dataset generalization as they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Cheng Luo , Qinliang Lin , Weicheng Xie , Bizhu Wu , Jinheng Xie , Linlin Shen

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) with backpropagation (BP) achieves state-of-the-art accuracy but requires global error propagation and full parameterization, leading to substantial memory and computational overhead. Direct Feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Arani Roy , Marco P. Apolinario , Shristi Das Biswas , Kaushik Roy

Fine-tuning-as-a-service, while commercially successful for Large Language Model (LLM) providers, exposes models to harmful fine-tuning attacks. As a widely explored defense paradigm against such attacks, unlearning attempts to remove…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Biao Yi , Tiansheng Huang , Baolei Zhang , Tong Li , Lihai Nie , Zheli Liu , Li Shen

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP), but their size creates computational bottlenecks. We introduce a novel approach to create accurate, sparse foundational versions of performant LLMs that…

Machine learning models are increasingly used in fields that require high reliability such as cybersecurity. However, these models remain vulnerable to various attacks, among which the adversarial label-flipping attack poses significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Xinglong Chang , Gillian Dobbie , Jörg Wicker

Large Language Models (LLMs) are employed across various high-stakes domains, where the reliability of their outputs is crucial. One commonly used method to assess the reliability of LLMs' responses is uncertainty estimation, which gauges…

Mutation-based Fault Localization (MBFL) has been widely explored for automated software debugging, leveraging artificial mutants to identify faulty code entities. However, MBFL faces significant challenges due to interference mutants…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Hengyuan Liu , Zheng Li , Donghua Wang , Yankai Wu , Xiang Chen , Yong Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world systems. Given their broader applicability, prompt engineering has become an efficient tool for resource-scarce organizations to adopt LLMs for their own purposes. At the same…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Piyush Jaiswal , Aaditya Pratap , Shreyansh Saraswati , Harsh Kasyap , Somanath Tripathy

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used, understanding them systematically is key to improving their safety and realizing their full potential. Although many models are aligned using techniques such as reinforcement learning from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu