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Modern GUI agents typically rely on a model-centric and step-wise interaction paradigm, where LLMs must re-interpret the UI and re-decide actions at every screen, which is fragile in long-horizon tasks. In this paper, we propose Executable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zerui Qin , Sheng Yue , Xingyuan Hua , Yongjian Fu , Ju Ren

Despite recent progress, Graphic User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with complex mobile tasks due to limited app-specific knowledge. While UI Transition Graphs (UTGs) offer structured navigation…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents offer cross-platform solutions for automating complex digital tasks, with significant potential to transform productivity workflows. However, their performance is often constrained by the scarcity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Junlei Zhang , Zichen Ding , Chang Ma , Zijie Chen , Qiushi Sun , Zhenzhong Lan , Junxian He

GUI testing checks if a software system behaves as expected when users interact with its graphical interface, e.g., testing specific functionality or validating relevant use case scenarios. Currently, deciding what to test at this high…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Juyeon Yoon , Robert Feldt , Shin Yoo

Current Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents operate primarily under a reactive paradigm: a user must provide an explicit instruction for the agent to execute a task. However, an intelligent AI assistant should be proactive, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuxiang Chai , Shunye Tang , Han Xiao , Rui Liu , Hongsheng Li

Mobile agents show immense potential, yet current state-of-the-art (SoTA) agents exhibit inadequate success rates on real-world, long-horizon, cross-application tasks. We attribute this bottleneck to the agents' excessive reliance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuxiang Zhou , Jichang Li , Yanhao Zhang , Haonan Lu , Guanbin Li

Designing autonomous driving systems requires efficient exploration of large hardware/software configuration spaces under diverse environmental conditions, e.g., with varying traffic, weather, and road layouts. Traditional design space…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Po-An Shih , Shao-Hua Wang , Yung-Che Li , Chia-Heng Tu , Chih-Han Chang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents have emerged as a transformative paradigm in human-computer interaction, evolving from rule-based automation scripts to sophisticated AI-driven systems capable of understanding and executing complex…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Fei Tang , Haolei Xu , Hang Zhang , Siqi Chen , Xingyu Wu , Yongliang Shen , Wenqi Zhang , Guiyang Hou , Zeqi Tan , Yuchen Yan , Kaitao Song , Jian Shao , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

In recent years, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been extensively utilized for multimodal reasoning tasks, including Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation. Unlike general offline multimodal tasks, GUI automation is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yuyang Wanyan , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Haowei Liu , Junyang Wang , Jiabo Ye , Yutong Kou , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Xiaoshan Yang , Weiming Dong , Changsheng Xu

Graphical user interface (GUI) agents can substantially improve productivity by automating frequently executed long-latency tasks on mobile devices. However, existing evaluation benchmarks are still constrained to limited applications,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yue Cao , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jingxuan Xing , Wei Jiang , Zekun Zhu , Junpeng Ma , Sashuai Zhou , Tong Lu , Jun Song , Yu Cheng , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

Despite significant advances in LLM-driven GUI agents, the field remains constrained by the challenge of reconciling high-fidelity realism with verifiable evaluation accuracy. To address this, we introduce NaturalGAIA, a verifiable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zihan Zheng , Tianle Cui , Taoran Wang , Fengtao Wang , Jiahui Pan , Lewei He , Qianglong Chen

In the field of MLLM-based GUI agents, compared to smartphones, the PC scenario not only features a more complex interactive environment, but also involves more intricate intra- and inter-app workflows. To address these issues, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Haowei Liu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Yuyang Wanyan , Junyang Wang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Chunfeng Yuan , Changsheng Xu , Weiming Hu , Fei Huang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents, powered by large language and vision-language models, hold promise for enabling end-to-end automation in digital environments. However, their progress is fundamentally constrained by the scarcity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Musen Lin , Minghao Liu , Taoran Lu , Lichen Yuan , Yiwei Liu , Haonan Xu , Yu Miao , Yuhao Chao , Zhaojian Li

Autonomous graphical user interface (GUI) agents powered by multimodal large language models have shown great promise. However, a critical yet underexplored issue persists: over-execution, where the agent executes tasks in a fully…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Pengzhou Cheng , Zheng Wu , Zongru Wu , Aston Zhang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents show great potential for enabling foundation models to complete real-world tasks, revolutionizing human-computer interaction and improving human productivity. In this report, we present OmegaUse, a…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents are autonomous systems that interpret and generate actions, enabling intelligent user assistance and automation. Effective training of these agent presents unique challenges, such as sparsity in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yiqiao Jin , Stefano Petrangeli , Yu Shen , Gang Wu

This paper introduces UI-TARS, a native GUI agent model that solely perceives the screenshots as input and performs human-like interactions (e.g., keyboard and mouse operations). Unlike prevailing agent frameworks that depend on heavily…

Mobile graphical user interface (GUI) agents enable AI models to autonomously operate smartphones on behalf of users. However, most existing systems focus primarily on optimizing task accuracy and rely on cloud-hosted models for inference,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Runxi Huang , Liyu Zhang , Shengzhong Liu , Xiaomin Ouyang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) enable complex autonomous behavior, current agents remain constrained by static, human-designed prompts that limit adaptability. Existing self-improving frameworks attempt to bridge this gap but typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xinmeng Hou , Peiliang Gong , Bohao Qu , Wuqi Wang , Qing Guo , Yang Liu

While Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have shown promising performance in automated device interaction, they primarily depend on static parametric knowledge from pre-training or instruction tuning. This reliance fundamentally limits…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jingjing Liu , Ziye Huang , Zihao Cheng , Zeming Liu , Jiahong Wu , Yuhang Guo , Kehai Chen , Yunhong Wang , Haifeng Wang