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Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for conversational code-switching speech remains challenging due to the scarcity of realistic, high-quality labeled speech data. This paper explores multilingual text-to-speech (TTS) models as an effective…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Yue Heng Yeo , Yuchen Hu , Shreyas Gopal , Yizhou Peng , Hexin Liu , Eng Siong Chng

Incremental text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis generates utterances in small linguistic units for the sake of real-time and low-latency applications. We previously proposed an incremental TTS method that leverages a large pre-trained language…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Takaaki Saeki , Shinnosuke Takamichi , Hiroshi Saruwatari

Low resource automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a useful but thorny task, since deep learning ASR models usually need huge amounts of training data. The existing models mostly established a bottleneck (BN) layer by pre-training on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Jian Luo , Jianzong Wang , Ning Cheng , Zhenpeng Zheng , Jing Xiao

Large Language Models (LLMs) empowered with Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) can iteratively plan, call external tools, and integrate returned information to solve complex, long-horizon reasoning tasks. Agentic Reinforcement Learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jianghao Su , Xia Zeng , Luhui Liu , Chao Luo , Ye Chen , Zhuoran Zhuang

Several high-resource Text to Speech (TTS) systems currently produce natural, well-established human-like speech. In contrast, low-resource languages, including Arabic, have very limited TTS systems due to the lack of resources. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Massa Baali , Tomoki Hayashi , Hamdy Mubarak , Soumi Maiti , Shinji Watanabe , Wassim El-Hajj , Ahmed Ali

The advantage function is a central concept in RL that helps reduce variance in policy gradient estimates. For language modeling, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was proposed to use the within-group sample mean as a baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ian Reid , Mohammad Yaqub

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in solving complex mathematical problems, yet they still fall short of producing accurate and consistent solutions. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a framework for aligning these models with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hatamizadeh , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Igor Gitman , Ximing Lu , Seungju Han , Wei Ping , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz

Preferences within a group of people are not uniform but follow a distribution. While existing alignment methods like Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) attempt to steer models to reflect human preferences, they struggle to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Binwei Yao , Zefan Cai , Yun-Shiuan Chuang , Shanglin Yang , Ming Jiang , Diyi Yang , Junjie Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive reasoning performance, with reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) emerging as a standard paradigm for post-training. A representative algorithm, group relative policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuheng Zhang , Wenlin Yao , Changlong Yu , Yao Liu , Qingyu Yin , Bing Yin , Hyokun Yun , Lihong Li

Different languages have distinct phonetic systems and vary in their prosodic features making it challenging to develop a Text-to-Speech (TTS) model that can effectively synthesise speech in multilingual settings. Furthermore, TTS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Yingting Li , Ambuj Mehrish , Bryan Chew , Bo Cheng , Soujanya Poria

Recent advances in text-to-speech (TTS) have enabled models to clone arbitrary unseen speakers and synthesize high-quality, natural-sounding speech. However, evaluation methods lag behind: typical mean opinion score (MOS) estimators perform…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Guansu Wang , Peijie Sun

Group Relative Policy Optimisation (GRPO) enhances large language models by estimating advantages across a group of sampled trajectories. However, mapping these trajectory-level advantages to policy updates requires aggregating token-level…

Unsupervised speech emotion recognition (SER) focuses on addressing the problem of data sparsity and annotation bias of emotional speech. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising method which enhances the performance through rule-based or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-09 Yingying Gao , Shilei Zhang , Runyan Yang , Zihao Cui , Junlan Feng

Alignment methodologies have emerged as a critical pathway for enhancing language model alignment capabilities. While SFT (supervised fine-tuning) accelerates convergence through direct token-level loss intervention, its efficacy is…

Extending large language models (LLMs) to low-resource languages often incurs an "alignment tax": improvements in the target language come at the cost of catastrophic forgetting in general capabilities. We argue that this trade-off arises…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zeli Su , Ziyin Zhang , Zhou Liu , Xuexian Song , Zhankai Xu , Longfei Zheng , Xiaolu Zhang , Rong Fu , Guixian Xu , Wentao Zhang

Transformer-based text to speech (TTS) model (e.g., Transformer TTS~\cite{li2019neural}, FastSpeech~\cite{ren2019fastspeech}) has shown the advantages of training and inference efficiency over RNN-based model (e.g.,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-04 Mingjian Chen , Xu Tan , Yi Ren , Jin Xu , Hao Sun , Sheng Zhao , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu

Adaptive text to speech (TTS) can synthesize new voices in zero-shot scenarios efficiently, by using a well-trained source TTS model without adapting it on the speech data of new speakers. Considering seen and unseen speakers have diverse…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-04 Yihan Wu , Xu Tan , Bohan Li , Lei He , Sheng Zhao , Ruihua Song , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu

Latent reasoning offers a more efficient alternative to explicit reasoning by compressing intermediate reasoning into continuous representations and substantially shortening reasoning chains. However, existing latent reasoning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jingcheng Deng , Zihao Wei , Liang Pang , Junhong Wu , Shicheng Xu , Zenghao Duan , Huawei Shen

Prompt engineering can significantly improve the performance of large language models (LLMs), with automated prompt optimization (APO) gaining significant attention due to the time-consuming and laborious nature of manual prompt design.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Wenxin Luo , Weirui Wang , Xiaopeng Li , Weibo Zhou , Pengyue Jia , Xiangyu Zhao

With rapid progress in neural text-to-speech (TTS) models, personalized speech generation is now in high demand for many applications. For practical applicability, a TTS model should generate high-quality speech with only a few audio…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-17 Dongchan Min , Dong Bok Lee , Eunho Yang , Sung Ju Hwang