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In response to the challenges posed by the extensive parameter updates required for full fine-tuning of large-scale pre-trained models, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods, exemplified by Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), have emerged.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Junjie Wang , Guangjing Yang , Wentao Chen , Huahui Yi , Xiaohu Wu , Zhouchen Lin , Qicheng Lao

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) has become the default approach to fine-tune large language models (LLMs) due to its significant reduction in trainable parameters. However, trainable parameter demand for LoRA increases with increasing model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Seyedarmin Azizi , Souvik Kundu , Massoud Pedram

The fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is pivotal for achieving optimal performance across diverse downstream tasks. However, while full fine-tuning delivers superior results, it entails significant computational and resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Yao Liang , Yuwei Wang , Yi Zeng

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have transformed the approach to fine-tuning large models for downstream tasks by enabling the adjustment of significantly fewer parameters than those in the original model matrices. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Alessio Quercia , Zhuo Cao , Arya Bangun , Richard D. Paul , Abigail Morrison , Ira Assent , Hanno Scharr

Low-rank adaptation~(LoRA) has recently gained much interest in fine-tuning foundation models. It effectively reduces the number of trainable parameters by incorporating low-rank matrices $A$ and $B$ to represent the weight change, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Ziqi Gao , Qichao Wang , Aochuan Chen , Zijing Liu , Bingzhe Wu , Liang Chen , Jia Li

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods face a tradeoff between adapter size and expressivity: ultra-low-parameter adapters are confined to fixed low-rank subspaces, capping performance even with extended training. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Raviteja Anantha , Nick Levato , Layne C. Price

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with high parameter efficiency for downstream tasks has become a new paradigm. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters for fine-tuning. Although it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Jia-Chen Zhang , Yu-Jie Xiong , He-Xi Qiu , Dong-Hai Zhu , Chun-Ming Xia

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) lowers the computational and memory overhead of fine-tuning large models by updating a low-dimensional subspace of the pre-trained weight matrix. Albeit efficient, LoRA exhibits suboptimal convergence and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yilang Zhang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

An important paradigm of natural language processing consists of large-scale pre-training on general domain data and adaptation to particular tasks or domains. As we pre-train larger models, full fine-tuning, which retrains all model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Edward J. Hu , Yelong Shen , Phillip Wallis , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Shean Wang , Lu Wang , Weizhu Chen

Foundation models excel across diverse tasks, but adapting them to specialized applications often requires fine-tuning, an approach that is memory and compute-intensive. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods mitigate this by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Abel Gurung , Joseph Campbell

Orthogonal parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) adapts pretrained weights through structure-preserving multiplicative transformations, but existing methods often conflate two distinct design choices: the subspace in which adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Lanxin Zhao , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Lequan Lin , Dai Shi , Junbin Gao , Andi Han

Pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs) on web-scale datasets becomes fundamental for advancing general-purpose AI. In contrast, enhancing their predictive performance on downstream tasks typically involves adapting their knowledge…

Federated fine-tuning (FedFT) has been proposed to fine-tune the pre-trained language models in a distributed manner. However, there are two critical challenges for efficient FedFT in practical applications, i.e., resource constraints and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Jun Liu , Yunming Liao , Hongli Xu , Yang Xu , Jianchun Liu , Chen Qian

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a widely used parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method that learns weight updates $\Delta W = AB$ for pretrained weights $W$ through low-rank adapters $A$ and $B$. While LoRA ensures hardware efficiency,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yibo Zhong , Jinman Zhao , Yao Zhou

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods are crucial for adapting large pre-trained models. Among these, LoRA is considered a foundational approach. Building on this, the influential DoRA method enhances performance by decomposing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Da Chang , Peng Xue , Yu Li , Yongxiang Liu , Pengxiang Xu , Shixun Zhang

Despite its huge number of variants, standard Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is still a dominant technique for parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT). Nonetheless, it faces persistent challenges, including the pre-selection of an optimal rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Ivan Vulić , Adam Grycner , Quentin de Laroussilhe , Jonas Pfeiffer

Fine-tuning helps large language models (LLM) recover degraded information and enhance task performance. Although Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is widely used and effective for fine-tuning, we have observed that its scaling factor can limit or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Jun Liu , Zhenglun Kong , Peiyan Dong , Changdi Yang , Xuan Shen , Pu Zhao , Hao Tang , Geng Yuan , Wei Niu , Wenbin Zhang , Xue Lin , Dong Huang , Yanzhi Wang

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have demonstrated their superiority and versatility in modern Natural Language Processing (NLP), effectively adapting to various downstream tasks through further fine-tuning. Federated Parameter-Efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Fei Wu , Jia Hu , Geyong Min , Shiqiang Wang

Fine-tuning large-scale pretrained models is prohibitively expensive in terms of computational and memory costs. LoRA, as one of the most popular Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods, offers a cost-effective alternative by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Shaowen Wang , Linxi Yu , Jian Li

Large pre-trained models are commonly adapted to downstream tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods such as Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), which injects small trainable low-rank matrices instead of updating all weights. While LoRA…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Martin Takac , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath