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As the development of neural networks, more and more deep neural networks are adopted in various tasks, such as image classification. However, as the huge computational overhead, these networks could not be applied on mobile devices or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Yunteng Luan , Hanyu Zhao , Zhi Yang , Yafei Dai

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in mathematical reasoning, but this ability is not equally accessible across languages. Especially low-resource languages exhibit much lower reasoning performance. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yihong Liu , Raoyuan Zhao , Michael A. Hedderich , Hinrich Schütze

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has been shown to significantly improve the reasoning accuracy of large language models (LLMs) on complex tasks. However, due to the autoregressive, step-by-step generation paradigm, existing CoT methods suffer from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiaquan Zhang , Chaoning Zhang , Shuxu Chen , Xudong Wang , Zhenzhen Huang , Pengcheng Zheng , Shuai Yuan , Sheng Zheng , Qigan Sun , Jie Zou , Lik-Hang Lee , Yang Yang

Language models rely on semantic priors to perform in-context learning, which leads to poor performance on tasks involving inductive reasoning. Instruction-tuning methods based on imitation learning can superficially enhance the in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Nafis Sadeq , Xin Xu , Zhouhang Xie , Julian McAuley , Byungkyu Kang , Prarit Lamba , Xiang Gao

Memory-efficient transfer learning (METL) approaches have recently achieved promising performance in adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks. They avoid applying gradient backpropagation in large backbones, thus significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yutong Zhang , Jiaxin Chen , Honglin Chen , Kaiqi Zheng , Shengcai Liao , Hanwen Zhong , Weixin Li , Yunhong Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning through chain of thought (CoT) prompting. Recently, there has been a growing interest in transferring these reasoning abilities from LLMs to smaller…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Hongzhan Chen , Siyue Wu , Xiaojun Quan , Rui Wang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang

In multi-hop question answering (MHQA) tasks, Chain of Thought (CoT) improves the quality of generation by guiding large language models (LLMs) through multi-step reasoning, and Knowledge Graphs (KGs) reduce hallucinations via semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinyi Wang , Yiping Song , Zhiliang Tian , Bo Liu , Tingjin Luo , Minlie Huang

Recent advancements highlight the success of instruction tuning with large language models (LLMs) utilizing Chain-of-Thought (CoT) data for mathematical reasoning tasks. Despite the fine-tuned LLMs, challenges persist, such as incorrect,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Yongwei Zhou , Tiejun Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has played an important role in improving the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs). Some studies apply RL directly to \textit{smaller} base models (known as zero-RL) and also achieve notable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiao Hu , Xingyu Lu , Liyuan Mao , YiFan Zhang , Tianke Zhang , Bin Wen , Fan Yang , Tingting Gao , Guorui Zhou

Designing effective reasoning-capable LLMs typically requires training using Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) or distillation with carefully curated Long Chain of Thoughts (CoT), both of which depend heavily on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Safal Shrestha , Minwu Kim , Aadim Nepal , Anubhav Shrestha , Keith Ross

Supervised fine-tuning with expert demonstrations often produces models that imitate outputs without internalizing the reasoning processes needed for robust generalization. While critique-based approaches show promise, training models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Berkcan Kapusuzoglu , Supriyo Chakraborty , Zain Sarwar , Chia-Hsuan Lee , Sambit Sahu

Distilling reasoning traces from strong large language models into smaller ones is a promising route to improve intelligence in resource-constrained settings. Existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off: offline distillation from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yumeng Zhang , Zhengbang Yang , Yevin Nikhel Goonatilake , Zhuangdi Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional reasoning capabilities, often achieving state-of-the-art performance in various tasks. However, their substantial computational and memory demands, due to billions of parameters, hinder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Xunyu Zhu , Jian Li , Can Ma , Weiping Wang

Instruction-driven image editing with unified multimodal generative models has advanced rapidly, yet their underlying visual reasoning remains limited, leading to suboptimal performance on reasoning-centric edits. Reinforcement learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Hengjia Li , Liming Jiang , Qing Yan , Yizhi Song , Hao Kang , Zichuan Liu , Xin Lu , Boxi Wu , Deng Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly benefit from Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting in performing various reasoning tasks. While CoT allows models to produce more comprehensive reasoning processes, its emphasis on intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Zhan Ling , Yunhao Fang , Xuanlin Li , Zhiao Huang , Mingu Lee , Roland Memisevic , Hao Su

We propose a simple yet effective method to compress an RNN-Transducer (RNN-T) through the well-known knowledge distillation paradigm. We show that the transducer's encoder outputs naturally have a high entropy and contain rich information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Rupak Vignesh Swaminathan , Brian King , Grant P. Strimel , Jasha Droppo , Athanasios Mouchtaris

Step-by-step reasoning approaches like chain of thought (CoT) have proved to be very effective in inducing reasoning capabilities in large language models. However, the success of the CoT approach is fundamentally tied to the model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Kumar Shridhar , Alessandro Stolfo , Mrinmaya Sachan

Dominant dual-encoder models enable efficient image-text retrieval but suffer from limited accuracy while the cross-encoder models offer higher accuracy at the expense of efficiency. Distilling cross-modality matching knowledge from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Yuxin Chen , Zongyang Ma , Ziqi Zhang , Zhongang Qi , Chunfeng Yuan , Bing Li , Junfu Pu , Ying Shan , Xiaojuan Qi , Weiming Hu

This paper addresses two limitations of large language models (LLMs) in solving complex problems: (1) their reasoning processes exhibit Bayesian-like stochastic generation, where each token is sampled from a context-dependent probability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Lei Lin , Jizhao Zhu , Yong Liu , Donghong Sun , Hongbo He , Yihua Du

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (RLLMs), whether explicitly trained for reasoning or prompted via chain-of-thought (CoT), have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many complex reasoning tasks. However, we uncover a surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xiaomin Li , Zhou Yu , Zhiwei Zhang , Xupeng Chen , Ziji Zhang , Yingying Zhuang , Narayanan Sadagopan , Anurag Beniwal