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The rise of large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need to distinguish between human-written and LLM-generated text to ensure authenticity and societal trust. Existing detectors typically provide a binary classification for an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mengchu Li , Jin Zhu , Jinglai Li , Chengchun Shi

We revisit Tree-Ring Watermarking, a recent diffusion model watermarking method that demonstrates great robustness to various attacks. We conduct an in-depth study on it and reveal that the distribution shift unintentionally introduced by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Hai Ci , Pei Yang , Yiren Song , Mike Zheng Shou

Statistical watermarking is a common approach for verifying whether text was written by a language model. Most existing schemes assume autoregressive generation, where tokens are produced left to right and contextual hashing is well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Mohd Ruhul Ameen , Akif Islam , Nadim Mahmud , Md. Ekramul Hamid

As recent text-conditioned diffusion models have enabled the generation of high-quality images, concerns over their potential misuse have also grown. This issue is critical in the medical domain, where text-conditioned generated medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Chanyoung Kim , Dayun Ju , Jinyeong Kim , Woojung Han , Roberto Alcover-Couso , Seong Jae Hwang

Watermarking has emerged as a pivotal solution for content traceability and intellectual property protection in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, vision-agnostic watermarks introduce visually irrelevant tokens and disrupt…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Qi Zheng , Shuliang Liu , Yu Huang , Sihang Jia , Jungang Li , Lyuhao Chen , Junhao Chen , Hanqian Li , Aiwei Liu , Yibo Yan , Xuming Hu

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performances in various NLP tasks. They can generate texts that are indistinguishable from those written by humans. Such remarkable performance of LLMs increases their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuki Takezawa , Ryoma Sato , Han Bao , Kenta Niwa , Makoto Yamada

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial technique for detecting and attributing content generated by large language models. While recent advancements have utilized watermark ensembles to enhance robustness, prevailing methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Jingqi Zhang , Heng Huang

Change point detection for time series analysis is a difficult and important problem in applied statistics, for which a variety of approaches have been developed in the past several decades. Here, the Wasserstein metric is employed as a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-03 David Gentile , Joshua Huang , James M. Murphy

As the outputs of generative AI (GenAI) techniques improve in quality, it becomes increasingly challenging to distinguish them from human-created content. Watermarking schemes are a promising approach to address the problem of…

Watermarking plays a key role in the provenance and detection of AI-generated content. While existing methods prioritize robustness against real-world distortions (e.g., JPEG compression and noise addition), we reveal a fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhongjie Ba , Yitao Zhang , Peng Cheng , Bin Gong , Xinyu Zhang , Qinglong Wang , Kui Ren

Protecting intellectual property (IP) of text such as articles and code is increasingly important, especially as sophisticated attacks become possible, such as paraphrasing by large language models (LLMs) or even unauthorized training of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Gregory Kang Ruey Lau , Xinyuan Niu , Hieu Dao , Jiangwei Chen , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Reasoning Large Language Models (RLLMs) excelling in complex tasks present unique challenges for digital watermarking, as existing methods often disrupt logical coherence or incur high computational costs. Token-based watermarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Shuliang Liu , Xingyu Li , Hongyi Liu , Dong Fang , Yibo Yan , Bingchen Duan , Qi Zheng , Lingfeng Su , Xuming Hu

Watermarking has emerged as a crucial method to distinguish AI-generated text from human-created text. Current watermarking approaches often lack formal optimality guarantees or address the scheme and detector design separately. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mansour Al Ghanim , Jiaqi Xue , Rochana Prih Hastuti , Mengxin Zheng , Yan Solihin , Qian Lou

Watermarking serves as a widely adopted approach to safeguard media copyright. In parallel, the research focus has extended to watermark removal techniques, offering an adversarial means to enhance watermark robustness and foster…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Dongjian Huo , Zehong Zhang , Hanjing Su , Guanbin Li , Chaowei Fang , Qingyao Wu

Imaging assays of cellular function, especially those using fluorescent stains, are ubiquitous in the biological and medical sciences. Despite advances in computer vision, such images are often analyzed using only manual or rudimentary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Lena R. Bartell , Lawrence J. Bonassar , Itai Cohen

Digital watermark is a commonly used technique to protect the copyright of medias. Simultaneously, to increase the robustness of watermark, attacking technique, such as watermark removal, also gets the attention from the community. Previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Xiaodong Cun , Chi-Man Pun

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, making watermarking a promising solution. Mainstream watermarking schemes for LLMs fall into two categories: logits-based and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Binxing Fang

Almost all existing deep learning approaches for semantic segmentation tackle this task as a pixel-wise classification problem. Yet humans understand a scene not in terms of pixels, but by decomposing it into perceptual groups and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Jyh-Jing Hwang , Stella X. Yu , Jianbo Shi , Maxwell D. Collins , Tien-Ju Yang , Xiao Zhang , Liang-Chieh Chen

Semantic segmentation is one of the most challenging tasks in computer vision. However, in many applications, a frequent obstacle is the lack of labeled images, due to the high cost of pixel-level labeling. In this scenario, it makes sense…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Adrian Peláez-Vegas , Pablo Mesejo , Julián Luengo