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LLM evaluation benchmarks have traditionally separated the testing of knowledge/reasoning capabilities from instruction following. In this work, we study the interaction between knowledge and instruction following, and observe that LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Rudra Murthy , Praveen Venkateswaran , Prince Kumar , Danish Contractor

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), the demand for robust instruction-following capabilities in code generation tasks has grown significantly. Code generation not only facilitates faster prototyping and automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kaiwen Yan , Hongcheng Guo , Xuanqing Shi , Shaosheng Cao , Donglin Di , Zhoujun Li

Instruction following has catalyzed the recent era of Large Language Models (LLMs) and is the foundational skill underpinning more advanced capabilities such as reasoning and agentic behaviors. As tasks grow more challenging, the logic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mian Zhang , Shujian Liu , Sixun Dong , Ming Yin , Yebowen Hu , Xun Wang , Steven Ma , Song Wang , Sathish Reddy Indurthi , Haoyun Deng , Zhiyu Zoey Chen , Kaiqiang Song

The ability to follow instructions is crucial for Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle various real-world applications. Existing benchmarks primarily focus on evaluating pure response quality, rather than assessing whether the response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Xingshan Zeng , Wanjun Zhong , Liangyou Li , Fei Mi , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , Wei Wang

A typical approach developers follow to influence an LLM's behavior in an application is through careful manipulation of the prompt, such as by adding or modifying instructions. However, merely adding more instructions provides little…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ben Elder , Evelyn Duesterwald , Vinod Muthusamy

Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across various benchmark tasks. While providing instructions to LLMs for guiding their generations is user-friendly, assessing their instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rem Hida , Junki Ohmura , Toshiyuki Sekiya

Large language models (LLMs) are typically prompted to follow a single instruction per inference call. In this work, we analyze whether LLMs also hold the capability to handle multiple instructions simultaneously, denoted as Multi-Task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Guijin Son , Sangwon Baek , Sangdae Nam , Ilgyun Jeong , Seungone Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in code generation tasks and have become indispensable programming assistants for developers. However, existing code generation benchmarks primarily assess the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Peiding Wang , Li Zhang , Fang Liu , Lin Shi , Minxiao Li , Bo Shen , An Fu

While large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive instruction-following capabilities, it is still unclear whether and to what extent they can respond to explicit constraints that might be entailed in various instructions. As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Yihan Chen , Benfeng Xu , Quan Wang , Yi Liu , Zhendong Mao

With the rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, the ability to follow instructions has emerged as a key metric for evaluating their practical utility. However, existing evaluation methods often focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yile Liu , Ziwei Ma , Xiu Jiang , Jinglu Hu , Jing Chang , Liang Li

Evaluating instruction following capabilities for multimodal, multi-turn dialogue is challenging. With potentially multiple instructions in the input model context, the task is time-consuming for human raters and we show LLM based judges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Elliot L. Epstein , Kaisheng Yao , Jing Li , Xinyi Bai , Hamid Palangi

Modern Language Models (LMs) are capable of following long and complex instructions that enable a large and diverse set of user requests. While Information Retrieval (IR) models use these LMs as the backbone of their architectures,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Orion Weller , Benjamin Chang , Sean MacAvaney , Kyle Lo , Arman Cohan , Benjamin Van Durme , Dawn Lawrie , Luca Soldaini

Following the initial flourishing of large language models (LLMs), there has been a surge in proposed large vision-language models (LVLMs) that integrate LLMs with vision capabilities. However, it has been observed that LVLMs, after tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Daiki Shiono , Shumpei Miyawaki , Ryota Tanaka , Jun Suzuki

Language models are trained to follow instructions, but they are also powerful pattern completers. What happens when these two objectives conflict? We construct conversations in which a user instruction to behave in a target way T (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Carolina Camassa , Derek Shiller

The instruction hierarchy, which establishes a priority order from system messages to user messages, conversation history, and tool outputs, is essential for ensuring consistent and safe behavior in language models (LMs). Despite its…

The Instruction Following (IF) ability measures how well Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) understand exactly what users are telling them and whether they are doing it right. Existing multimodal instruction following training data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shengyuan Ding , Shenxi Wu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yuhang Zang , Haodong Duan , Xiaoyi Dong , Pan Zhang , Yuhang Cao , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Despite the fact that large language models (LLMs) show exceptional skill in instruction following tasks, this strength can turn into a vulnerability when the models are required to disregard certain instructions. Instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yerin Hwang , Yongil Kim , Jahyun Koo , Taegwan Kang , Hyunkyung Bae , Kyomin Jung

Evaluating the instruction-following (IF) capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) is essential for rigorously assessing how faithfully model outputs adhere to user-specified intentions. Nevertheless, existing benchmarks for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Weilei He , Feng Ju , Zhiyuan Fan , Rui Min , Minhao Cheng , Yi R. Fung

Instruction-following is a foundational capability of large language models (LLMs), with its improvement hinging on scalable and accurate feedback from judge models. However, the reliability of current judge models in instruction-following…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Bosi Wen , Yilin Niu , Cunxiang Wang , Xiaoying Ling , Ying Zhang , Pei Ke , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Reliably ensuring Large Language Models (LLMs) follow complex instructions is a critical challenge, as existing benchmarks often fail to reflect real-world use or isolate compliance from task success. We introduce MOSAIC (MOdular Synthetic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Alberto Purpura , Li Wang , Sahil Badyal , Eugenio Beaufrand , Adam Faulkner