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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves the reliability of large language model (LLM) answers by integrating external knowledge. However, RAG increases the end-to-end inference time since looking for relevant documents from large…

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which combines large language models (LLMs) with retrievals from external knowledge databases, is emerging as a popular approach for reliable LLM serving. However, efficient RAG serving remains an open…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Wenqi Jiang , Suvinay Subramanian , Cat Graves , Gustavo Alonso , Amir Yazdanbakhsh , Vidushi Dadu

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied but face challenges in efficient inference. While quantization methods reduce computational demands, ultra-low bit quantization with arbitrary precision is hindered by limited GPU Tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Shaobo Ma , Chao Fang , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is often used with Large Language Models (LLMs) to infuse domain knowledge or user-specific information. In RAG, given a user query, a retriever extracts chunks of relevant text from a knowledge base.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Shubham Agarwal , Sai Sundaresan , Subrata Mitra , Debabrata Mahapatra , Archit Gupta , Rounak Sharma , Nirmal Joshua Kapu , Tong Yu , Shiv Saini

This article introduces a novel family of decentralised caching policies, applicable to wireless networks with finite storage at the edge-nodes (stations). These policies are based on the Least-Recently-Used replacement principle, and are,…

Performance · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Anastasios Giovanidis , Apostolos Avranas

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) were once used solely for graphical computation tasks but with the increase in the use of machine learning applications, the use of GPUs to perform general-purpose computing has increased in the last few…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Asim Ikram , Muhammad Awais Ali , Mirza Omer Beg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming critical infrastructure for enterprise applications, driving unprecedented demand for GPU-based inference services. A key operational challenge arises from the two-phase nature of LLM…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ruihan Lin , Zezhen Ding , Zean Han , Jiheng Zhang

Withtherapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the context length for inference has been continuously increasing, leading to an exponential growth in the demand for Key-Value (KV) caching. This has resulted in a significant…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yanyu Liu , Jingying Fu , Sixiang Liu , Yitian Zou , You Fu , Jiehan Zhou , Shouhua Zhang

In cloud machine learning (ML) inference systems, providing low latency to end-users is of utmost importance. However, maximizing server utilization and system throughput is also crucial for ML service providers as it helps lower the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Yunseong Kim , Yujeong Choi , Minsoo Rhu

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recommender systems for predicting Click-Through Rates (CTR) necessitates a delicate balance between computational efficiency and predictive accuracy. This paper presents an optimization…

In-network caching is likely to become an integral part of various networked systems (e.g., 5G networks, LPWAN and IoT systems) in the near future. In this paper, we compare and contrast model-based and machine learning approaches for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Adita Kulkarni , Anand Seetharam

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are witnessing increased adoption in multiple domains owing to their high accuracy in solving real-world problems. However, this high accuracy has been achieved by building deeper networks, posing a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-20 Arjun Balasubramanian , Adarsh Kumar , Yuhan Liu , Han Cao , Shivaram Venkataraman , Aditya Akella

The design of effective online caching policies is an increasingly important problem for content distribution networks, online social networks and edge computing services, among other areas. This paper proposes a new algorithmic toolbox for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Naram Mhaisen , George Iosifidis , Douglas Leith

Large Language Models(LLMs) have had a profound impact on AI applications, particularly in the domains of long-text comprehension and generation. KV Cache technology is one of the most widely used techniques in the industry. It ensures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Qiaozhi He , Zhihua Wu

Memory caches are being aggressively used in today's data-parallel systems such as Spark, Tez, and Piccolo. However, prevalent systems employ rather simple cache management policies--notably the Least Recently Used (LRU) policy--that are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-27 Yinghao Yu , Wei Wang , Jun Zhang , Khaled Ben Letaief

Cache fusion accelerates generation process of LLMs equipped with RAG through KV caching and selective token recomputation, thereby reducing computational costs and improving efficiency. However, existing methods primarily rely on local…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Jianxin Yan , Zeheng Qian , Wangze Ni , Zhitao Shen , Zhiping Wang , Haoyang Li , Jia Zhu , Lei Chen , Kui Ren

Attention mechanisms underpin the success of large language models (LLMs), yet their substantial computational and memory overhead poses challenges for optimizing efficiency and performance. A critical bottleneck arises as KV cache and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Jiwen Jiang , Xinjian Wu , Haifeng Zhang , Lei Chen , Lionel Ni , Jun Wang

Due to the huge difference in performance between the computer memory and processor, the virtual memory management plays a vital role in system performance. A Cache memory is the fast memory which is used to compensate the speed difference…

Performance · Computer Science 2011-07-26 Debabala Swain , Bijay Paikaray , Debabrata Swain

As the length of input text increases, the key-value (KV) cache in LLMs imposes prohibitive GPU memory costs and limits long-context inference on resource constrained devices. Existing approaches, such as KV quantization and pruning, reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Tenghui Li , Guoxu Zhou , Xuyang Zhao , Yuning Qiu , Qibin Zhao

KV cache offloading enables long-context LLM inference by storing caches in CPU DRAM, but PCIe bandwidth limitations create severe bottlenecks. In this paper, we develops an analytical framework that derives $\kappa_{\text{crit}}$, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 William Meng , Benjamin Lee , Hong Wang
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