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Whole slide images (WSIs) pose fundamental computational challenges due to their gigapixel resolution and the sparse distribution of informative regions. Existing approaches often treat image patches independently or reshape them in ways…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Weiyi Wu , Xingjian Diao , Chunhui Zhang , Chongyang Gao , Xinwen Xu , Siting Li , Jiang Gui

In pre-clinical pathology, there is a paradox between the abundance of raw data (whole slide images from many organs of many individual animals) and the lack of pixel-level slide annotations done by pathologists. Due to time constraints and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Marco Bertolini , Van-Khoa Le , Jake Pencharz , Andreas Poehlmann , Djork-Arné Clevert , Santiago Villalba , Floriane Montanari

Whole slide images (WSIs) are gigapixel-scale digital images of H\&E-stained tissue samples widely used in pathology. The substantial size and complexity of WSIs pose unique analytical challenges. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Jun Wang , Yu Mao , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Computational Pathology CPath is an interdisciplinary science that augments developments of computational approaches to analyze and model medical histopathology images. The main objective for CPath is to develop infrastructure and workflows…

Representation learning of pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) has been has primarily relied on weak supervision with Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). However, the slide representations resulting from this approach are highly tailored to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Andrew H. Song , Richard J. Chen , Tong Ding , Drew F. K. Williamson , Guillaume Jaume , Faisal Mahmood

Supervised learning tasks such as cancer survival prediction from gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) are a critical challenge in computational pathology that requires modeling complex features of the tumor microenvironment. These learning…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-22 Iain Carmichael , Andrew H. Song , Richard J. Chen , Drew F. K. Williamson , Tiffany Y. Chen , Faisal Mahmood

Pathology is essential for cancer diagnosis, with multiple instance learning (MIL) widely used for whole slide image (WSI) analysis. WSIs exhibit a natural hierarchy -- patches, regions, and slides -- with distinct semantic associations.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Peixiang Huang , Yanyan Huang , Weiqin Zhao , Junjun He , Lequan Yu

Histopathological whole slide image (WSI) analysis with deep learning has become a research focus in computational pathology. The current paradigm is mainly based on multiple instance learning (MIL), in which approaches with Transformer as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hongbo Chu , Qiehe Sun , Jiawen Li , Yuxuan Chen , Lizhong Zhang , Tian Guan , Anjia Han , Yonghong He

Whole slide image (WSI) analysis has emerged as an increasingly essential technique in computational pathology. Recent advances in the pathology foundation models (FMs) have demonstrated significant advantages in deriving meaningful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Zhidong Yang , Xiuhui Shi , Wei Ba , Zhigang Song , Haijing Luan , Taiyuan Hu , Senlin Lin , Jiguang Wang , Shaohua Kevin Zhou , Rui Yan

Current multi-instance learning algorithms for pathology image analysis often require a substantial number of Whole Slide Images for effective training but exhibit suboptimal performance in scenarios with limited learning data. In clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Linhao Qu , Dingkang Yang , Dan Huang , Qinhao Guo , Rongkui Luo , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaosong Wang

In computational pathology, weak supervision has become the standard for deep learning due to the gigapixel scale of WSIs and the scarcity of pixel-level annotations, with Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) established as the principal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Andreas Lolos , Theofilos Christodoulou , Aris L. Moustakas , Stergios Christodoulidis , Maria Vakalopoulou

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) is a cornerstone of digital pathology, offering detailed insights critical for diagnosis and research. Yet, the gigapixel size of WSIs imposes significant computational challenges, limiting their practical utility.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Ravi Kant Gupta , Shounak Das , Amit Sethi

Image analysis and machine learning algorithms operating on multi-gigapixel whole-slide images (WSIs) often process a large number of tiles (sub-images) and require aggregating predictions from the tiles in order to predict WSI-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Mohsin Bilal , Robert Jewsbury , Ruoyu Wang , Hammam M. AlGhamdi , Amina Asif , Mark Eastwood , Nasir Rajpoot

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has emerged as the best solution for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. It consists of dividing each slide into patches, which are treated as a bag of instances labeled with a global label. MIL includes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ali Mammadov , Loic Le Folgoc , Julien Adam , Anne Buronfosse , Gilles Hayem , Guillaume Hocquet , Pietro Gori

The development of computational pathology lies in the consensus that pathological characteristics of tumors are significant guidance for cancer diagnostics. Most existing research focuses on the inner-contextual information within each WSI…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jun Shi , Tong Shu , Zhiguo Jiang , Wei Wang , Haibo Wu , Yushan Zheng

Deploying digital pathology models across medical centers is challenging due to distribution shifts. Recent advances in domain generalization improve model transferability in terms of aggregated performance measured by the Area Under Curve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Arthur Pignet , John Klein , Genevieve Robin , Antoine Olivier

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods allow for gigapixel Whole-Slide Image (WSI) analysis with only slide-level annotations. Interpretability is crucial for safely deploying such algorithms in high-stakes medical domains. Traditional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Susu Sun , Leslie Tessier , Frédérique Meeuwsen , Clément Grisi , Dominique van Midden , Geert Litjens , Christian F. Baumgartner

In Computational Pathology (CPath), the introduction of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has opened new avenues for research, focusing primarily on aligning image-text pairs at a single magnification level. However, this approach might not be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Shahad Albastaki , Anabia Sohail , Iyyakutti Iyappan Ganapathi , Basit Alawode , Asim Khan , Sajid Javed , Naoufel Werghi , Mohammed Bennamoun , Arif Mahmood

The emerging area of computational pathology (CPath) is ripe ground for the application of deep learning (DL) methods to healthcare due to the sheer volume of raw pixel data in whole-slide images (WSIs) of cancerous tissue slides. However,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-23 Jevgenij Gamper , Navid Alemi Koohbanani , Ksenija Benes , Simon Graham , Mostafa Jahanifar , Syed Ali Khurram , Ayesha Azam , Katherine Hewitt , Nasir Rajpoot

There exist numerous diagnostic tasks in pathology. Conventional computational pathology formulates and tackles them as independent and individual image classification problems, thereby resulting in computational inefficiency and high…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-15 Anh Tien Nguyen , Keunho Byeon , Kyungeun Kim , Boram Song , Seoung Wan Chae , Jin Tae Kwak