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In standard reinforcement learning settings, agents typically assume immediate feedback about the effects of their actions after taking them. However, in practice, this assumption may not hold true due to physical constraints and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Armin Karamzade , Kyungmin Kim , Montek Kalsi , Roy Fox

Delays are inherent to most dynamical systems. Besides shifting the process in time, they can significantly affect their performance. For this reason, it is usually valuable to study the delay and account for it. Because they are dynamical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Pierre Liotet

Action delays degrade the performance of reinforcement learning in many real-world systems. This paper proposes a formal definition of delay-aware Markov Decision Process and proves it can be transformed into standard MDP with augmented…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Baiming Chen , Mengdi Xu , Liang Li , Ding Zhao

Classic reinforcement learning (RL) frequently confronts challenges in tasks involving delays, which cause a mismatch between received observations and subsequent actions, thereby deviating from the Markov assumption. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Bo Xia , Yilun Kong , Yongzhe Chang , Bo Yuan , Zhiheng Li , Xueqian Wang , Bin Liang

Several real-world scenarios, such as remote control and sensing, are comprised of action and observation delays. The presence of delays degrades the performance of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, often to such an extent that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Somjit Nath , Mayank Baranwal , Harshad Khadilkar

In standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) settings, the interaction between the agent and the environment is typically modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which assumes that the agent observes the system state instantaneously, selects…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 John Wikman , Alexandre Proutiere , David Broman

As a robot senses and selects actions, the world keeps changing. This inference delay creates a gap of tens to hundreds of milliseconds between the observed state and the state at execution. In this work, we take the natural generalization…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Aileen Liao , Dong-Ki Kim , Max Olan Smith , Ali-akbar Agha-mohammadi , Shayegan Omidshafiei

In this work, we generalize the problem of learning through interaction in a POMDP by accounting for eventual additional information available at training time. First, we introduce the informed POMDP, a new learning paradigm offering a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Gaspard Lambrechts , Adrien Bolland , Damien Ernst

When Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are deployed in practice, they might impact their environment and change its dynamics. We propose a new framework to model this phenomenon, where the current environment depends on the deployed policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ben Rank , Stelios Triantafyllou , Debmalya Mandal , Goran Radanovic

Unpredictable sensor-to-estimator delays fundamentally distort what matters for wireless remote state estimation: not just freshness, but how delay interacts with sensor informativeness and energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Nho-Duc Tran , Aamir Mahmood , Mikael Gidlund

In real-world multi-agent systems (MASs), observation delays are ubiquitous, preventing agents from making decisions based on the environment's true state. An individual agent's local observation typically comprises multiple components from…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Songchen Fu , Siang Chen , Shaojing Zhao , Letian Bai , Ta Li , Yonghong Yan

Delayed Markov decision processes (DMDPs) fulfill the Markov property by augmenting the state space of agents with a finite time window of recently committed actions. In reliance on these state augmentations, delay-resolved reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Mohammadhossein Malmir , Josip Josifovski , Noah Klarmann , Alois Knoll

Non-stationary environments are challenging for reinforcement learning algorithms. If the state transition and/or reward functions change based on latent factors, the agent is effectively tasked with optimizing a behavior that maximizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Lucas N. Alegre , Ana L. C. Bazzan , Bruno C. da Silva

In reinforcement learning (RL), an agent learns to perform a task by interacting with an environment and receiving feedback (a numerical reward) for its actions. However, the assumption that rewards are always observable is often not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Simone Parisi , Montaser Mohammedalamen , Alireza Kazemipour , Matthew E. Taylor , Michael Bowling

In the last decade, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in the control and decision-making of complex dynamical systems. However, most RL algorithms rely on the Markov Decision Process assumption, which is violated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-03 Armando Alves Neto

Real-world reinforcement learning applications are often hindered by delayed feedback from environments, which violates the Markov assumption and introduces significant challenges. Although numerous delay-compensating methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jongsoo Lee , Jangwon Kim , Jiseok Jeong , Soohee Han

In practical applications, we can rarely assume full observability of a system's environment, despite such knowledge being important for determining a reactive control system's precise interaction with its environment. Therefore, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Edi Muskardin , Martin Tappler , Bernhard K. Aichernig , Ingo Pill

Many real-world offline reinforcement learning (RL) problems involve continuous-time environments with delays. Such environments are characterized by two distinctive features: firstly, the state x(t) is observed at irregular time intervals,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Samuel Holt , Alihan Hüyük , Zhaozhi Qian , Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

In real-world reinforcement learning (RL) scenarios, agents often encounter partial observability, where incomplete or noisy information obscures the true state of the environment. Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ashok Arora , Neetesh Kumar

Stochastic communication delays in teleoperation introduce signal discontinuities that undermine control stability and degrade control performance. Consequently, the conventional reinforcement learning (RL) methods struggle with the delayed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Kaize Deng , Zewen Yang
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