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Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at many tasks but still struggle with a critical ability for LLM-based agents: asking good questions for resolving ambiguity in user requests. While prior work has explored information-seeking behavior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Daniel M. Pedrozo , Telma W. de L. Soares , Bryan L. M. de Oliveira

Questions are essential tools for acquiring the necessary information to complete information-seeking tasks. However, large language models (LLMs), especially open-source models, often perform poorly in generating informative questions, as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Davide Mazzaccara , Alberto Testoni , Raffaella Bernardi

In a parallel with the 20 questions game, we present a method to determine whether two large language models (LLMs), placed in a black-box context, are the same or not. The goal is to use a small set of (benign) binary questions, typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Gurvan Richardeau , Erwan Le Merrer , Camilla Penzo , Gilles Tredan

The automatic evaluation of LLM-based agent intelligence is critical in developing advanced LLM-based agents. Although considerable effort has been devoted to developing human-annotated evaluation datasets, such as AlpacaEval, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Tian Liang , Zhiwei He , Jen-tse Huang , Wenxuan Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Rui Wang , Yujiu Yang , Zhaopeng Tu , Shuming Shi , Xing Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world scenarios where they may lack sufficient information to complete a given task. In such settings, the ability to actively seek out missing information becomes a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Langyuan Cui , Chun Kai Ling , Hwee Tou Ng

The rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have presented challenges in evaluating those models. Existing evaluation methods are either reference-based or preference based, which inevitably need human intervention or introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Dan Qiao , Chenfei Wu , Yaobo Liang , Juntao Li , Nan Duan

We introduce GVGAI-LLM, a video game benchmark for evaluating the reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Built on the General Video Game AI framework, it features a diverse collection of arcade-style…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuchen Li , Cong Lin , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Philip Bontrager , Jialin Liu , Julian Togelius

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved striking successes on many benchmarks, yet recent studies continue to expose fundamental weaknesses. In this paper, we introduce Concept, a simple word-guessing board game, as a benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Ine Gevers , Walter Daelemans

Evaluating the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) has traditionally relied on static benchmark datasets, human assessments, or model-based evaluations - methods that often suffer from overfitting, high costs, and biases.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Haidar Khan , Hisham A. Alyahya , Yazeed Alnumay , M Saiful Bari , Bülent Yener

The evaluation of open-ended responses in serious games presents a unique challenge, as correctness is often subjective. Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored as evaluators in such contexts, yet their accuracy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Andrés Isaza-Giraldo , Paulo Bala , Lucas Pereira

Quantifying the deceptive potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical for AI safety, yet difficult to achieve in uncontrolled environments. This work investigates the reasoning, persuasion, and deceptive capabilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Niklas Bauer

This report documents the development, test, and application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for automated text analysis, with a specific focus on gambling-like elements in digital games, such as lootboxes. The project aimed not only to…

General Economics · Economics 2024-12-13 Thomas Krause , Steffen Otterbach , Johannes Singer

Adversarial board games, as a paradigmatic domain of strategic reasoning and intelligence, have long served as both a popular competitive activity and a benchmark for evaluating artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Building on this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Yingjie Zhou , Jiezhang Cao , Farong Wen , Li Xu , Yanwei Jiang , Jun Jia , Ronghui Li , Xiaohong Liu , Yu Zhou , Xiongkuo Min , Jie Guo , Zicheng Zhang , Guangtao Zhai

While artificial intelligence (AI) technology is becoming increasingly popular, its underlying mechanisms tend to remain opaque to most people. To address this gap, the field of AI literacy aims to develop various resources to teach people…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Allison Chen , Isabella Pu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated notable capabilities across various tasks, showcasing complex problem-solving abilities. Understanding and executing complex rules, along with multi-step planning, are fundamental to logical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jiayi Gui , Yiming Liu , Jiale Cheng , Xiaotao Gu , Xiao Liu , Hongning Wang , Yuxiao Dong , Jie Tang , Minlie Huang

Evaluation has traditionally focused on ranking candidates for a specific skill. Modern generalist models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), decidedly outpace this paradigm. Open-ended evaluation systems, where candidate models are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Siqi Liu , Ian Gemp , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Nicolas Heess , Marc Lanctot

It has been established in recent work that Large Language Models (LLMs) can be prompted to "self-play" conversational games that probe certain capabilities (general instruction following, strategic goal orientation, language understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Anne Beyer , Kranti Chalamalasetti , Sherzod Hakimov , Brielen Madureira , Philipp Sadler , David Schlangen

The evaluation of the problem-solving capability under incomplete information scenarios of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly important, encompassing capabilities such as questioning, knowledge search, error detection, and path…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yuyan Chen , Tianhao Yu , Yueze Li , Songzhou Yan , Sijia Liu , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has substantially influenced natural language processing, demonstrating exceptional results across various tasks. In this study, we employ ``Introspective Tips" to facilitate LLMs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Liting Chen , Lu Wang , Hang Dong , Yali Du , Jie Yan , Fangkai Yang , Shuang Li , Pu Zhao , Si Qin , Saravan Rajmohan , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) has traditionally relied on static benchmarks, a paradigm that poses two major limitations: (1) predefined test sets lack adaptability to diverse application domains, and (2) standardized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Qingchen Yu , Zifan Zheng , Ding Chen , Simin Niu , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li
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