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Biomedical association studies are increasingly done using clinical concepts, and in particular diagnostic codes from clinical data repositories as phenotypes. Clinical concepts can be represented in a meaningful, vector space using word…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2018-11-06 Brett K. Beaulieu-Jones , Isaac S. Kohane , Andrew L. Beam

Multimodal Small-to-Medium sized Language Models (MSLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in integrating visual and textual information but still face significant limitations in visual comprehension and mathematical reasoning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ashutosh Bajpai , Akshat Bhandari , Akshay Nambi , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Word embeddings have demonstrated strong performance on NLP tasks. However, lack of interpretability and the unsupervised nature of word embeddings have limited their use within computational social science and digital humanities. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Miriam Hurtado Bodell , Martin Arvidsson , Måns Magnusson

Recent studies empirically indicate that language models (LMs) encode rich world knowledge beyond mere semantics, attracting significant attention across various fields. However, in the recommendation domain, it remains uncertain whether…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Leheng Sheng , An Zhang , Yi Zhang , Yuxin Chen , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Recognizing relations between entities is a pivotal task of relational learning. Learning relation representations from distantly-labeled datasets is difficult because of the abundant label noise and complicated expressions in human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Ning Ding , Xiaobin Wang , Yao Fu , Guangwei Xu , Rui Wang , Pengjun Xie , Ying Shen , Fei Huang , Hai-Tao Zheng , Rui Zhang

The emergent few-shot reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have excited the natural language and machine learning community over recent years. Despite of numerous successful applications, the underlying mechanism of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Xiaojuan Tang , Zilong Zheng , Jiaqi Li , Fanxu Meng , Song-Chun Zhu , Yitao Liang , Muhan Zhang

To represent anything from mathematical concepts to real-world objects, we have to resort to an encoding. Encodings, such as written language, usually assume a decoder that understands a rich shared code. A semantic embedding is a form of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Fernando Martin-Maroto , Gonzalo G. de Polavieja

We investigate compositional structures in data embeddings from pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs). Traditionally, compositionality has been associated with algebraic operations on embeddings of words from a pre-existing vocabulary.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Matthew Trager , Pramuditha Perera , Luca Zancato , Alessandro Achille , Parminder Bhatia , Stefano Soatto

Large language models use high-dimensional latent spaces to encode and process textual information. Much work has investigated how the conceptual content of words translates into geometrical relationships between their vector…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Raphaël Sarfati , Haley Moller , Toni J. B. Liu , Nicolas Boullé , Christopher Earls

The rapidly growing ecosystem of Large Language Models (LLMs) makes it increasingly challenging to manage and utilize the vast and dynamic pool of models effectively. We propose LOCUS, a method that produces low-dimensional vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Shivam Patel , William Cocke , Gauri Joshi

Concept-based explanations work by mapping complex model computations to human-understandable concepts. Evaluating such explanations is very difficult, as it includes not only the quality of the induced space of possible concepts but also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Antonin Poché , Alon Jacovi , Agustin Martin Picard , Victor Boutin , Fanny Jourdan

Effective human-robot interaction, such as in robot learning from human demonstration, requires the learning agent to be able to ground abstract concepts (such as those contained within instructions) in a corresponding high-dimensional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-03 Yordan Hristov , Alex Lascarides , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Developing human understandable interpretation of large language models (LLMs) becomes increasingly critical for their deployment in essential domains. Mechanistic interpretability seeks to mitigate the issues through extracts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yuhang Liu , Erdun Gao , Dong Gong , Anton van den Hengel , Javen Qinfeng Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) drive current AI breakthroughs despite very little being known about their internal representations. In this work, we propose to shed the light on LLMs inner mechanisms through the lens of geometry. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Randall Balestriero , Romain Cosentino , Sarath Shekkizhar

In cognitive science and AI, a longstanding question is whether machines learn representations that align with those of the human mind. While current models show promise, it remains an open question whether this alignment is superficial or…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-27 Craig Sanders , Billy Dickson , Sahaj Singh Maini , Robert Nosofsky , Zoran Tiganj

Understanding the core dimensions of conceptual semantics is fundamental to uncovering how meaning is organized in language and the brain. Existing approaches often rely on predefined semantic dimensions that offer only broad…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yunhao Zhang , Shaonan Wang , Nan Lin , Xinyi Dong , Chong Li , Chengqing Zong

Embedding words in vector space is a fundamental first step in state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP). Typical NLP solutions employ pre-defined vector representations to improve generalization by co-locating similar words in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Bimal Bhattarai , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Lei Jiao , Rohan Yadav , Jivitesh Sharma

Most unsupervised NLP models represent each word with a single point or single region in semantic space, while the existing multi-sense word embeddings cannot represent longer word sequences like phrases or sentences. We propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Amol Agrawal , Andrew McCallum

One of the long-standing challenges in lexical semantics consists in learning representations of words which reflect their semantic properties. The remarkable success of word embeddings for this purpose suggests that high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Yixiao Wang , Zied Bouraoui , Luis Espinosa Anke , Steven Schockaert

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar