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Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the process of managing IT infrastructure via programmable configuration files (also called IaC scripts). Like other software artifacts, IaC scripts may contain security smells, which are coding patterns that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Nuno Saavedra , João F. Ferreira

Practitioners use Infrastructure as Code (IaC) scripts to efficiently configure IT infrastructures through machine-readable definition files. However, during the development of these scripts, some code patterns or deployment choices may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Seif Kosbar , Mohammad Hamdaqa

Context: Security smells are recurring coding patterns that are indicative of security weakness, and require further inspection. As infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts, such as Ansible and Chef scripts, are used to provision cloud-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Akond Rahman , Md. Rayhanur Rahman , Chris Parnin , Laurie Williams

Background: As Infrastructure as Code (IaC) becomes standard practice, ensuring the reliability of IaC scripts is essential. Defect taxonomies are valuable tools for this, offering a common language for issues and enabling systematic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Wendell Oliveira , Filipe Paiva , Thiago Emmanuel Pereira , João Brunet

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) automates the provisioning and management of IT infrastructure through scripts and tools, streamlining software deployment. Prior studies have shown that IaC scripts often contain recurring security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Aicha War , Adnan A. Rawass , Abdoul K. Kabore , Jordan Samhi , Jacques Klein , Tegawende F. Bissyande

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) enables automated provisioning of large-scale cloud and on-premise environments, reducing the need for repetitive manual setup. However, this automation is a double-edged sword: a single misconfiguration in IaC…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Qiyue Mei , Michael Fu

Infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts are used to automate the maintenance and configuration of software development and deployment infrastructure. IaC scripts can be complex in nature, containing hundreds of lines of code, leading to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Akond Rahman , Sarah Elder , Faysal Hossain Shezan , Vanessa Frost , Jonathan Stallings , Laurie Williams

Context: The 'as code' suffix in infrastructure as code (IaC) refers to applying software engineering activities, such as version control, to maintain IaC scripts. Without the application of these activities, defects that can have serious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Akond Rahman , Effat Farhana , Laurie Williams

We investigated the capabilities of GPT-4o and Gemini 2.0 Flash for secure Infrastructure as Code (IaC) development. For security smell detection, on the Stack Overflow dataset, which primarily contains small, simplified code snippets, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ehsan Firouzi , Shardul Bhatt , Mohammad Ghafari

Infrastructure-as-code (IaC) is a practice to implement continuous deployment by allowing management and provisioning of infrastructure through the definition of machine-readable files and automation around them, rather than physical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Stefano Dalla Palma , Dario Di Nucci , Fabio Palomba , Damian A. Tamburri

Cloud computing has become popular thanks to the widespread use of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools, allowing the community to conveniently manage and configure cloud infrastructure using scripts. However, the scripting process itself…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Alexandre Verdet , Mohammad Hamdaqa , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh

The increasing use of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) in DevOps leads to benefits in speed and reliability of deployment operation, but extends to infrastructure challenges typical of software systems. IaC scripts can contain defects that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Michele Chiari , Michele De Pascalis , Matteo Pradella

Context:Infrastructure as code (IaC) is the practice to automatically configure system dependencies and to provision local and remote instances. Practitioners consider IaC as a fundamental pillar to implement DevOps practices, which helps…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Akond Rahman , Rezvan Mahdavi-Hezaveh , Laurie Williams

Android Inter-Component Communication (ICC) is complex, largely unconstrained, and hard for developers to understand. As a consequence, ICC is a common source of security vulnerability in Android apps. To promote secure programming…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Pascal Gadient , Mohammad Ghafari , Patrick Frischknecht , Oscar Nierstrasz

In recent years, Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has emerged as a critical approach for managing and provisioning IT infrastructure through code and automation. IaC enables organizations to create scalable and consistent environments,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yikun Li , Matteo Grella , Daniel Nahmias , Gal Engelberg , Dan Klein , Giancarlo Guizzardi , Thijs van Ede , Andrea Continella

Context: In continuous deployment, software and services are rapidly deployed to end-users using an automated deployment pipeline. Defects in infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts can hinder the reliability of the automated deployment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Akond Rahman , Laurie Williams

Context: Logging is an important part of modern software projects; logs are used in several tasks such as debugging and testing. Due to the complex nature of logging, it remains a difficult task with several pitfalls that could have serious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Nyyti Saarimäki , Donghwan Shin , Domenico Bianculli

This paper presents GLITCH, a new technology-agnostic framework that enables automated polyglot code smell detection for Infrastructure as Code scripts. GLITCH uses an intermediate representation on which different code smell detectors can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Nuno Saavedra , João Gonçalves , Miguel Henriques , João F. Ferreira , Alexandra Mendes

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools have transformed the way IT infrastructure is automated and managed, but their growing adoption has also exposed numerous challenges for practitioners. In this paper, we investigate these challenges…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Carolina Carreira , Nuno Saavedra , Alexandra Mendes , João F. Ferreira

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is fundamental to modern cloud computing, enabling teams to define and manage infrastructure through machine-readable configuration files. However, different cloud service providers utilize diverse IaC formats.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Sam Davidson , Li Sun , Bhavana Bhasker , Laurent Callot , Anoop Deoras
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