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Patronizing and Condescending Language (PCL) is a form of discriminatory toxic speech targeting vulnerable groups, threatening both online and offline safety. While toxic speech research has mainly focused on overt toxicity, such as hate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Hongbo Wang , Junyu Lu , Yan Han , Kai Ma , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

Disclaimer: Samples in this paper may be harmful and cause discomfort! Patronizing and condescending language (PCL) is a form of speech directed at vulnerable groups. As an essential branch of toxic language, this type of language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Hongbo Wang , Mingda Li , Junyu Lu , Hebin Xia , Liang Yang , Bo Xu , Ruizhu Liu , Hongfei Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly applied to automated harmful content detection tasks, assisting moderators in identifying policy violations and improving the overall efficiency and accuracy of content review. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Kangwei Liu , Siyuan Cheng , Bozhong Tian , Xiaozhuan Liang , Yuyang Yin , Meng Han , Ningyu Zhang , Bryan Hooi , Xi Chen , Shumin Deng

Detecting hate speech and offensive language is essential for maintaining a safe and respectful digital environment. This study examines the limitations of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) in identifying offensive content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yunze Xiao , Yujia Hu , Kenny Tsu Wei Choo , Roy Ka-wei Lee

In this paper, we introduce a new annotated dataset which is aimed at supporting the development of NLP models to identify and categorize language that is patronizing or condescending towards vulnerable communities (e.g. refugees, homeless…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Carla Pérez-Almendros , Luis Espinosa-Anke , Steven Schockaert

Patronizing and condescending language (PCL) has a large harmful impact and is difficult to detect, both for human judges and existing NLP systems. At SemEval-2022 Task 4, we propose a novel Transformer-based model and its ensembles to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Dou Hu , Mengyuan Zhou , Xiyang Du , Mengfei Yuan , Meizhi Jin , Lianxin Jiang , Yang Mo , Xiaofeng Shi

Offensive language detection is increasingly crucial for maintaining a civilized social media platform and deploying pre-trained language models. However, this task in Chinese is still under exploration due to the scarcity of reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Jiawen Deng , Jingyan Zhou , Hao Sun , Chujie Zheng , Fei Mi , Helen Meng , Minlie Huang

Patronizing and condescending language (PCL) is everywhere, but rarely is the focus on its use by media towards vulnerable communities. Accurately detecting PCL of this form is a difficult task due to limited labeled data and how subtle it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 David Koleczek , Alex Scarlatos , Siddha Karakare , Preshma Linet Pereira

Phonetic Cloaking Replacement (PCR), defined as the deliberate use of homophonic or near-homophonic variants to hide toxic intent, has become a major obstacle to Chinese content moderation. While this problem is well-recognized, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Haotan Guo , Jianfei He , Jiayuan Ma , Hongbin Na , Zimu Wang , Haiyang Zhang , Qi Chen , Wei Wang , Zijing Shi , Tao Shen , Ling Chen

The proliferation of hate speech has inflicted significant societal harm, with its intensity and directionality closely tied to specific targets and arguments. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been developed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zewen Bai , Liang Yang , Shengdi Yin , Yuanyuan Sun , Hongfei Lin

The proliferation of hate speech on Chinese social media poses urgent societal risks, yet traditional systems struggle to decode context-dependent rhetorical strategies and evolving slang. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel three-stage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Binglin Wu , Jiaxiu Zou , Xianneng Li

Chinese Spell Checking (CSC) aims to detect and correct spelling errors in sentences. Despite Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit robust capabilities and are widely applied in various tasks, their performance on CSC is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kunting Li , Yong Hu , Liang He , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Detecting toxic content using language models is important but challenging. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in understanding Chinese, recent studies show that simple character substitutions in toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Shujian Yang , Shiyao Cui , Chuanrui Hu , Haicheng Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Minlie Huang , Jialiang Lu , Han Qiu

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved remarkable performance gains across numerous downstream tasks in natural language understanding. Various Chinese PLMs have been successively proposed for learning better Chinese language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Borun Chen , Hongyin Tang , Jiahao Bu , Kai Zhang , Jingang Wang , Qifan Wang , Hai-Tao Zheng , Wei Wu , Liqian Yu

Current benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) in social media moderation completely overlook a serious threat: covert advertisements, which disguise themselves as regular posts to deceive and mislead consumers into making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jingyi Zheng , Tianyi Hu , Yule Liu , Zhen Sun , Zongmin Zhang , Zifan Peng , Wenhan Dong , Xinlei He

The rampant spread of cyberbullying content poses a growing threat to societal well-being. However, research on cyberbullying detection in Chinese remains underdeveloped, primarily due to the lack of comprehensive and reliable datasets.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Qingpo Yang , Yakai Chen , Zihui Xu , Yu-ming Shang , Sanchuan Guo , Xi Zhang

This paper studies Chinese Spelling Correction (CSC), which aims to detect and correct the potential spelling errors in a given sentence. Current state-of-the-art methods regard CSC as a sequence tagging task and fine-tune BERT-based models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Linfeng Liu , Hongqiu Wu , Hai Zhao

Despite the rapid development of Chinese vision-language models (VLMs), most existing Chinese vision-language (VL) datasets are constructed on Western-centric images from existing English VL datasets. The cultural bias in the images makes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yuxuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Fei Yu , Chen Huang , Kexin Li , Zhiguo Wan , Wanxiang Che

Despite the considerable efforts being made to monitor and regulate user-generated content on social media platforms, the pervasiveness of offensive language, such as hate speech or cyberbullying, in the digital space remains a significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yunze Xiao , Houda Bouamor , Wajdi Zaghouani

Social media platforms have experienced a significant rise in toxic content, including abusive language and discriminatory remarks, presenting growing challenges for content moderation. Some users evade censorship by deliberately disguising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Xuchen Ma , Jianxiang Yu , Wenming Shao , Bo Pang , Xiang Li
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