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The development of complex circuits for practical applications in the current quantum computing ecosystem is based on basic primitives such as Bell states, which provide superposition, entanglement, and coherence. The range of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Hillol Biswas

Ubiquitous noises in quantum systems remain a key obstacle to building quantum computers, necessitating the use of quantum error correction codes. Recently, error-correcting codes tailored for noise-biased systems have been shown to offer…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) offer the most promising path to obtaining quantum advantages via noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors. Such systems leverage classical optimization to tune the parameters of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-26 Sharu Theresa Jose , Osvaldo Simeone

When modeling the effects of noise on quantum circuits, one often makes the assumption that these effects can be accounted for by individual decoherence events following an otherwise noise-free gate. In this work, we address the validity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-19 Keith R. Fratus , Juha Leppäkangas , Michael Marthaler , Jan-Michael Reiner

Higher-dimensional quantum systems (qudits) offer advantages in information encoding, error resilience, and compact gate implementations, and naturally arise in platforms such as superconducting and solid-state systems. However, realistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Yule Mayevsky , Akram Youssry , Ritik Sareen , Gerardo A. Paz-Silva , Alberto Peruzzo

Routing plays an important role in programming noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, where limited connectivity in the register is overcome by swapping quantum information between locations. However, routing a quantum state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-14 Ronald J. Sadlier , Travis S. Humble

Noisy and Intermediate-Scale Quantum, or NISQ, processors are sensitive to noise, prone to quantum decoherence, and are not yet capable of continuous quantum error correction for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Hence, quantum algorithms…

Near-term quantum computers are noisy, and therefore must run algorithms with a low circuit depth and qubit count. Here we investigate how noise affects a quantum neural network (QNN) for state discrimination, applicable on near-term…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-27 Andrew Patterson , Hongxiang Chen , Leonard Wossnig , Simone Severini , Dan Browne , Ivan Rungger

In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, one of the key questions is how to deal with the high noise level existing in physical quantum bits (qubits). Quantum error correction is promising but requires an extensive number (e.g.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-29 Zhiding Liang , Zhepeng Wang , Junhuan Yang , Lei Yang , Jinjun Xiong , Yiyu Shi , Weiwen Jiang

Quantum computing hardware is affected by quantum noise that undermine the quality of results of an executed quantum program. Amongst other quantum noises, coherent error that caused by parameter drifting and miscalibration, remains…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Xiangyu Ren , Junjie Wan , Zhiding Liang , Antonio Barbalace

To exploit a given physical system for quantum information processing, it is critical to understand the different types of noise affecting quantum control. Distinguishing coherent and incoherent errors is extremely useful as they can be…

Noise and imperfections are among the prevalent challenges in quantum software engineering for current NISQ systems. They will remain important in the post-NISQ area, as logical, error-corrected qubits will be based on software mechanisms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Stefan Raimund Maschek , Jürgen Schwitalla , Maja Franz , Wolfgang Mauerer

We study the fundamental design automation problem of equivalence checking in the NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) computing realm where quantum noise is present inevitably. The notion of approximate equivalence of (possibly noisy)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-04 Xin Hong , Mingsheng Ying , Yuan Feng , Xiangzhen Zhou , Sanjiang Li

A comparison of gate fidelities between different spin qubit types defined in quantum dots and a donor under different control errors is reported. We studied five qubit types, namely the quantum dot spin qubit, the double quantum dot…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-14 E. Ferraro , M. Fanciulli , M. De Michielis

When quantum programs are executed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, they experience hardware noise; consequently, the program outputs are often erroneous. To mitigate the adverse effects of hardware noise, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Tirthak Patel , Daniel Silver , Devesh Tiwari

Simulating open quantum systems on quantum computers presents a fundamental challenge: open quantum dynamics are intrinsically nonunitary, whereas quantum computers operate through unitary evolution. Conventional approaches overcome this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Sameer Dambal , Akira Sone , Yu Zhang

There is increasing interest in the development of gate-based quantum circuits for the training of machine learning models. Yet, little is understood concerning the parameters of circuit design, and the effects of noise and other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-14 Patrick Selig , Niall Murphy , Ashwin Sundareswaran R , David Redmond , Simon Caton

Currently available quantum computing hardware based on superconducting transmon architectures realizes networks of hundreds of qubits with the possibility of controlled nearest-neighbor interactions. However, the inherent noise and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 Andreas Ketterer , Thomas Wellens

Quantum computation promises to advance a wide range of computational tasks. However, current quantum hardware suffers from noise and is too small for error correction. Thus, accurately utilizing noisy quantum computers strongly relies on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-16 Friedrich Wagner , Daniel J. Egger , Frauke Liers

Error mitigation (EM) methods are crucial for obtaining reliable results in the realm of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers, where noise significantly impacts output accuracy. Some EM protocols are particularly efficient for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Thibault Scoquart , Hugo Perrin , Kyrylo Snizhko