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In-context machine translation (MT) with large language models (LLMs) is a promising approach for low-resource MT, as it can readily take advantage of linguistic resources such as grammar books and dictionaries. Such resources are usually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Renhao Pei , Yihong Liu , Peiqin Lin , François Yvon , Hinrich Schütze

In-context learning (ICL) improves language models' performance on a variety of NLP tasks by simply demonstrating a handful of examples at inference time. It is not well understood why ICL ability emerges, as the model has never been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Xiaochuang Han , Daniel Simig , Todor Mihaylov , Yulia Tsvetkov , Asli Celikyilmaz , Tianlu Wang

In-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) studies agents that, after pretraining, adapt to new tasks by conditioning on additional context without parameter updates. Existing theoretical analyses of ICRL largely rely on linear attention,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zixuan Xie , Xinyu Liu , Claire Chen , Shuze Daniel Liu , Rohan Chandra , Shangtong Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are able to solve various tasks with only a few demonstrations utilizing their in-context learning (ICL) abilities. However, LLMs often rely on their pre-trained semantic priors of demonstrations rather than on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Joonwon Jang , Sanghwan Jang , Wonbin Kweon , Minjin Jeon , Hwanjo Yu

Temporal expression (TE) normalization is a well-studied problem. However, the predominately used rule-based systems are highly restricted to specific settings, and upcoming machine learning approaches suffer from a lack of labeled data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Akash Kumar Gautam , Lukas Lange , Jannik Strötgen

Large pretrained language models (LLMs) can be rapidly adapted to a wide variety of tasks via a text-to-text approach, where the instruction and input are fed to the model in natural language. Combined with in-context learning (ICL), this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Marc-Etienne Brunet , Ashton Anderson , Richard Zemel

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across various tasks, but their performance on domain-specific tasks remains limited. While methods like retrieval augmented generation and fine-tuning can help to address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 M. Mehdi Mojarradi , Lingyi Yang , Robert McCraith , Adam Mahdi

Advances in image tampering pose serious security threats, underscoring the need for effective image manipulation localization (IML). While supervised IML achieves strong performance, it depends on costly pixel-level annotations. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Rui Chen , Bin Liu , Changtao Miao , Xinghao Wang , Yi Li , Tao Gong , Qi Chu , Nenghai Yu

In-context learning (ICL) is a recent advancement in the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). This feature allows users to perform a new task without updating the model. Concretely, users can address tasks during the inference time…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Wai Man Si , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Alignment tuning is crucial for ensuring large language models (LLMs) behave ethically and helpfully. Current alignment approaches require high-quality annotations and significant training resources. This paper proposes a low-cost,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Yuncheng Hua , Lizhen Qu , Zhuang Li , Hao Xue , Flora D. Salim , Gholamreza Haffari

In-Context Learning (ICL) and Instruction Tuning (IT) are two primary paradigms of adopting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream applications. However, they are significantly different. In ICL, a set of demonstrations are provided at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-20 Hanyu Duan , Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang , Ahmed Abbasi , Kar Yan Tam

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in complex tasks like machine translation, commonsense reasoning, and language understanding. One of the primary reasons for the adaptability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Nicholas Kroeger , Dan Ley , Satyapriya Krishna , Chirag Agarwal , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Though large language models (LLMs) have enabled great success across a wide variety of tasks, they still appear to fall short of one of the loftier goals of artificial intelligence research: creating an artificial system that can adapt its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Michael A. Lepori , Tal Linzen , Ann Yuan , Katja Filippova

In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling them to perform new tasks based on a few provided examples without explicit fine-tuning. Despite their impressive adaptability, these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Teeradaj Racharak , Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul , Chommakorn Sontesadisai , Thanwadee Sunetnanta

Recent studies have demonstrated that In-Context Learning (ICL), through the use of specific demonstrations, can align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences known as In-Context Alignment (ICA), indicating that models can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Heyan Huang , Yinghao Li , Huashan Sun , Yu Bai , Yang Gao

In-context learning (ICL) in Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged as a powerful new learning paradigm. However, its underlying mechanism is still not well understood. In particular, it is challenging to map it to the "standard" machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Roee Hendel , Mor Geva , Amir Globerson

In-Context Learning (ICL) is an emergent capability of Large Language Models (LLMs). Only a few demonstrations enable LLMs to be used as blackbox for new tasks. Previous studies have shown that using LLMs' outputs as labels is effective in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Kazuma Hashimoto , Karthik Raman , Michael Bendersky

Large language models (LLMs) can adapt to new tasks through in-context learning (ICL) based on a few examples presented in dialogue history without any model parameter update. Despite such convenience, the performance of ICL heavily depends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Siyin Wang , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Ji Wu , Chao Zhang

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) employ multi-modal in-context learning (MM-ICL) to adapt to new tasks by leveraging demonstration examples. While increasing the number of demonstrations boosts performance, they incur significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Daiki Chijiwa , Tamao Sakao , Taku Hasegawa

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables pretrained LLMs to adapt to downstream tasks by conditioning on a small set of input-output demonstrations, without any parameter updates. Although there have been many theoretical efforts to explain how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Xuhan Tong , Yuchen Zeng , Jiawei Zhang