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In Federated Learning (FL), a number of clients or devices collaborate to train a model without sharing their data. Models are optimized locally at each client and further communicated to a central hub for aggregation. While FL is an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Farshid Varno , Marzie Saghayi , Laya Rafiee Sevyeri , Sharut Gupta , Stan Matwin , Mohammad Havaei

With the proliferation of distributed edge computing resources, the 6G mobile network will evolve into a network for connected intelligence. Along this line, the proposal to incorporate federated learning into the mobile edge has gained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

A Federated Learning (FL) system collaboratively trains neural networks across devices and a server but is limited by significant on-device computation costs. Split Federated Learning (SFL) systems mitigate this by offloading a block of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Zhang , Leon Wong , Blesson Varghese

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with integrated sensing, communication, computation and control (ISC3) capabilities have become key enablers of next-generation wireless networks. Federated edge learning (FEL) leverages UAVs as mobile…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Xiangwang Hou , Xianghe Wang , Jiacheng Wang , Zekai Zhang , Jun Du , Jingjing Wang , Yong Ren

Due to its advantages in resource constraint scenarios, Split Federated Learning (SFL) is promising in AIoT systems. However, due to data heterogeneity and stragglers, SFL suffers from the challenges of low inference accuracy and low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Dengke Yan , Ming Hu , Zeke Xia , Yanxin Yang , Jun Xia , Xiaofei Xie , Mingsong Chen

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for decentralized machine learning, enabling collaborative model training across diverse clients without sharing raw data. However, traditional FL approaches often face limitations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ali Forootani , Raffaele Iervolino

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) in a distributed manner poses significant challenges on resource-constrained edge networks. To address this challenge, we propose SflLLM, a novel framework that integrates split federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kai Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Ye Hu , Mingzhe Chen , Chen Zhu , Zhaoyang Zhang

This paper proposes a cooperative mechanism for mitigating the performance degradation due to non-independent-and-identically-distributed (non-IID) data in collaborative machine learning (ML), namely federated learning (FL), which trains an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Naoya Yoshida , Takayuki Nishio , Masahiro Morikura , Koji Yamamoto , Ryo Yonetani

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed framework for collaborative model training over large-scale distributed data, enabling higher performance while maintaining client data privacy. However, the nature of model aggregation at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ali Murad , Bo Hui , Wei-Shinn Ku

In this paper, we propose a hybrid learning framework that combines federated and split learning, termed semi-federated learning (SemiFL), in which over-the-air computation is utilized for gradient aggregation. A key idea is to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-26 Jingheng Zheng , Hui Tian , Wanli Ni , Yang Tian , Ping Zhang

Federated learning (FL) faces critical challenges, particularly in heterogeneous environments where non-independent and identically distributed data across clients can lead to unfair and inefficient model performance. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Mounssif Krouka , Chaouki Ben Issaid , Mehdi Bennis

Conventional federated learning (FL) frameworks often suffer from training degradation due to data uncertainty and heterogeneity across local clients. Probabilistic approaches such as Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) can mitigate this issue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ratun Rahman , Dinh C. Nguyen

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging technique used to collaboratively train a global machine learning model while keeping the data localized on the user devices. The main obstacle to FL's practical implementation is the Non-Independent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Hiep Nguyen , Lam Phan , Harikrishna Warrier , Yogesh Gupta

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising distributed machine learning framework that allows collaborative learning of a global model across decentralized devices without uploading their local data. However, in real-world FL scenarios, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Md Sirajul Islam , Sanjeev Panta , Fei Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Chen , Nian-Feng Tzeng

The traditional framework of federated learning (FL) requires each client to re-train their models in every iteration, making it infeasible for resource-constrained mobile devices to train deep-learning (DL) models. Split learning (SL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Manas Wadhwa , Gagan Raj Gupta , Ashutosh Sahu , Rahul Saini , Vidhi Mittal

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as an effective solution to decentralized and privacy-preserving machine learning for mobile clients. While traditional FL has demonstrated its superiority, it ignores the non-iid (independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Bingyan Liu , Yifeng Cai , Ziqi Zhang , Yuanchun Li , Leye Wang , Ding Li , Yao Guo , Xiangqun Chen

Federated learning enables different parties to collaboratively build a global model under the orchestration of a server while keeping the training data on clients' devices. However, performance is affected when clients have heterogeneous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Fabiola Espinoza Castellon , Aurelien Mayoue , Jacques-Henri Sublemontier , Cedric Gouy-Pailler

Federated Learning (FL) can be affected by data and device heterogeneities, caused by clients' different local data distributions and latencies in uploading model updates (i.e., staleness). Traditional schemes consider these heterogeneities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Haoming Wang , Wei Gao

Federated learning (FL) is a trending training paradigm to utilize decentralized training data. FL allows clients to update model parameters locally for several epochs, then share them to a global model for aggregation. This training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Xiaoxiao Li , Zhao Song , Jiaming Yang

Federated learning (FL) has achieved great success as a privacy-preserving distributed training paradigm, where many edge devices collaboratively train a machine learning model by sharing the model updates instead of the raw data with a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yuchang Sun , Jiawei Shao , Yuyi Mao , Songze Li , Jun Zhang