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We propose a fully data-driven approach to designing mutual information (MI) estimators. Since any MI estimator is a function of the observed sample from two random variables, we parameterize this function with a neural network (MIST) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 German Gritsai , Megan Richards , Maxime Méloux , Kyunghyun Cho , Maxime Peyrard

Mutual Information is the metric that is used to perform link adaptation, which allows to achieve rates near capacity. The computation of adaptive transmission modes is achieved by employing the mapping between the Signal to Noise Ratio and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-26 Pol Henarejos , Ana Pérez-Neira , Anxo Tato , Carlos Mosquera

Estimating mutual information (MI) from samples is a fundamental problem in statistics, machine learning, and data analysis. Recently it was shown that a popular class of non-parametric MI estimators perform very poorly for strongly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Shuyang Gao , Greg Ver Steeg , Aram Galstyan

We introduce a novel Mutual Information (MI) estimator that fundamentally reframes the discriminative approach. Instead of training a classifier to discriminate between joint and marginal distributions, we learn a normalizing flow that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ivan Butakov , Alexander Semenenko , Valeriya Kirova , Alexey Frolov , Ivan Oseledets

Mutual information (MI) is a general measure of statistical dependence with widespread application across the sciences. However, estimating MI between multi-dimensional variables is challenging because the number of samples necessary to…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-06 Gokul Gowri , Xiao-Kang Lun , Allon M. Klein , Peng Yin

Mutual information is a widely-used information theoretic measure to quantify the amount of association between variables. It is used extensively in many applications such as image registration, diagnosis of failures in electrical machines,…

Computation · Statistics 2021-08-21 Luai Al-Labadi , Forough Fazeli-Asl , Zahra Saberi

Mutual information has many applications in image alignment and matching, mainly due to its ability to measure the statistical dependence between two images, even if the two images are from different modalities (e.g., CT and MRI). It…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Jiecheng Liao , Junhao Lu , Jeff Ji , Jiacheng He

Clustering is a concept used in a huge variety of applications. We review a conceptually very simple algorithm for hierarchical clustering called in the following the {\it mutual information clustering} (MIC) algorithm. It uses mutual…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2008-09-10 Alexander Kraskov , Peter Grassberger

Estimation of mutual information between (multidimensional) real-valued variables is used in analysis of complex systems, biological systems, and recently also quantum systems. This estimation is a hard problem, and universally good…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-08-14 Caroline M. Holmes , Ilya Nemenman

Estimating mutual information (MI) between two continuous random variables $X$ and $Y$ allows to capture non-linear dependencies between them, non-parametrically. As such, MI estimation lies at the core of many data science applications.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Alexander Marx , Jonas Fischer

We study some of the most commonly used mutual information estimators, based on histograms of fixed or adaptive bin size, $k$-nearest neighbors and kernels, and focus on optimal selection of their free parameters. We examine the consistency…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-05-13 Angeliki Papana , Dimitris Kugiumtzis

Many recent methods for unsupervised or self-supervised representation learning train feature extractors by maximizing an estimate of the mutual information (MI) between different views of the data. This comes with several immediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Michael Tschannen , Josip Djolonga , Paul K. Rubenstein , Sylvain Gelly , Mario Lucic

Many applications in image-guided surgery and therapy require fast and reliable non-linear, multi-modal image registration. Recently proposed unsupervised deep learning-based registration methods have demonstrated superior performance…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-07 Gerard Snaauw , Michele Sasdelli , Gabriel Maicas , Stephan Lau , Johan Verjans , Mark Jenkinson , Gustavo Carneiro

Mutual Information (MI) is a crucial measure for capturing dependencies between variables, but exact computation is challenging in high dimensions with intractable likelihoods, impacting accuracy and robustness. One idea is to use an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-13 Forough Fazeliasl , Michael Minyi Zhang , Bei Jiang , Linglong Kong

Mutual information (MI) is a useful information-theoretic measure to quantify the statistical dependence between two random variables: $X$ and $Y$. Often, we are interested in understanding how the dependence between $X$ and $Y$ in one set…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Chetan Gohil , Oliver M Cliff , James M. Shine , Ben D. Fulcher , Joseph T. Lizier

We point out a limitation of the mutual information neural estimation (MINE) where the network fails to learn at the initial training phase, leading to slow convergence in the number of training iterations. To solve this problem, we propose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Chung Chan , Ali Al-Bashabsheh , Hing Pang Huang , Michael Lim , Da Sun Handason Tam , Chao Zhao

Multimodal image alignment is the process of finding spatial correspondences between images formed by different imaging techniques or under different conditions, to facilitate heterogeneous data fusion and correlative analysis. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Johan Öfverstedt , Joakim Lindblad , Nataša Sladoje

Recently, Mutual Information (MI) has attracted attention in bounding the generalization error of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). However, it is intractable to accurately estimate the MI in DNNs, thus most previous works have to relax the MI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Xinjie Lan , Kenneth Barner

The information theoretic quantity known as mutual information finds wide use in classification and community detection analyses to compare two classifications of the same set of objects into groups. In the context of classification…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-29 M. E. J. Newman , George T. Cantwell , Jean-Gabriel Young

Mutual information (MI) is one of the most general ways to measure relationships between random variables, but estimating this quantity for complex systems is challenging. Denoising diffusion models have recently set a new bar for density…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Longxuan Yu , Xing Shi , Xianghao Kong , Tong Jia , Greg Ver Steeg