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Large language models (LLMs) have evolved beyond simple text generation to power software agents that directly translate natural language commands into tangible actions. While API-based LLM agents initially rose to prominence for their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chaoyun Zhang , Shilin He , Liqun Li , Si Qin , Yu Kang , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) tasks are vital for automating workflows such as software testing, user interface navigation. For users, the GUI is the most intuitive platform for interacting with a computer. Previous work identified a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zheng Hui , Yinheng Li , Dan zhao , Tianyi Chen , Colby Banbury , Kazuhito Koishida

The development of autonomous agents for graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents major challenges in artificial intelligence. While recent advances in native agent models have shown promise by unifying perception, reasoning, action, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Haoming Wang , Haoyang Zou , Huatong Song , Jiazhan Feng , Junjie Fang , Junting Lu , Longxiang Liu , Qinyu Luo , Shihao Liang , Shijue Huang , Wanjun Zhong , Yining Ye , Yujia Qin , Yuwen Xiong , Yuxin Song , Zhiyong Wu , Aoyan Li , Bo Li , Chen Dun , Chong Liu , Daoguang Zan , Fuxing Leng , Hanbin Wang , Hao Yu , Haobin Chen , Hongyi Guo , Jing Su , Jingjia Huang , Kai Shen , Kaiyu Shi , Lin Yan , Peiyao Zhao , Pengfei Liu , Qinghao Ye , Renjie Zheng , Shulin Xin , Wayne Xin Zhao , Wen Heng , Wenhao Huang , Wenqian Wang , Xiaobo Qin , Yi Lin , Youbin Wu , Zehui Chen , Zihao Wang , Baoquan Zhong , Xinchun Zhang , Xujing Li , Yuanfan Li , Zhongkai Zhao , Chengquan Jiang , Faming Wu , Haotian Zhou , Jinlin Pang , Li Han , Qi Liu , Qianli Ma , Siyao Liu , Songhua Cai , Wenqi Fu , Xin Liu , Yaohui Wang , Zhi Zhang , Bo Zhou , Guoliang Li , Jiajun Shi , Jiale Yang , Jie Tang , Li Li , Qihua Han , Taoran Lu , Woyu Lin , Xiaokang Tong , Xinyao Li , Yichi Zhang , Yu Miao , Zhengxuan Jiang , Zili Li , Ziyuan Zhao , Chenxin Li , Dehua Ma , Feng Lin , Ge Zhang , Haihua Yang , Hangyu Guo , Hongda Zhu , Jiaheng Liu , Junda Du , Kai Cai , Kuanye Li , Lichen Yuan , Meilan Han , Minchao Wang , Shuyue Guo , Tianhao Cheng , Xiaobo Ma , Xiaojun Xiao , Xiaolong Huang , Xinjie Chen , Yidi Du , Yilin Chen , Yiwen Wang , Zhaojian Li , Zhenzhu Yang , Zhiyuan Zeng , Chaolin Jin , Chen Li , Hao Chen , Haoli Chen , Jian Chen , Qinghao Zhao , Guang Shi

AI agents that take actions in their environment autonomously over extended time horizons require robust governance interventions to curb their potentially consequential risks. Prior proposals for governing AI agents primarily target…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-02 K. J. Kevin Feng , Tae Soo Kim , Rock Yuren Pang , Faria Huq , Tal August , Amy X. Zhang

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show significant potential for automating tasks. However, they often struggle with long-horizon tasks, leading to frequent failures. Process Reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tao Xiong , Xavier Hu , Yurun Chen , Yuhang Liu , Changqiao Wu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Shengyu Zhang

We introduce GUI-360$^\circ$, a large-scale, comprehensive dataset and benchmark suite designed to advance computer-using agents (CUAs). CUAs present unique challenges and is constrained by three persistent gaps: a scarcity of real-world…

Nowadays, research on GUI agents is a hot topic in the AI community. However, current research focuses on GUI task automation, limiting the scope of applications in various GUI scenarios. In this paper, we propose a formalized and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Kangjia Zhao , Jiahui Song , Leigang Sha , Haozhan Shen , Zhi Chen , Tiancheng Zhao , Xiubo Liang , Jianwei Yin

Autonomous Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) enable digital automation on end-user devices. While scaling both parameters and data has yielded substantial gains, advanced methods still…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Ziwei Wang , Junjie Zheng , Leyang Yang , Sheng Zhou , Xiaoxuan Tang , Zhouhua Fang , Zhiwei Liu , Dajun Chen , Yong Li , Jiajun Bu

Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Siyuan Hu , Linjie Li , Zhengyuan Yang , Lijuan Wang , Philip Torr , Mike Zheng Shou

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have made significant progress in automating digital tasks through the utilization of computer vision and language models. Nevertheless, existing agent systems encounter notable limitations. Firstly,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jinjie Wei , Jiyao Liu , Lihao Liu , Ming Hu , Junzhi Ning , Mingcheng Li , Weijie Yin , Junjun He , Xiao Liang , Chao Feng , Dingkang Yang

GUI agents drive applications through their visual interfaces instead of programmatic APIs, interacting with arbitrary software via taps, swipes, and keystrokes, reaching a long tail of applications that CLI-based agents cannot. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Fei Tang , Zhiqiong Lu , Boxuan Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang , Yongliang Shen

Mobile GUI agents show promise in automating tasks but face generalization challenges in diverse real-world scenarios. Traditional approaches using pre-training or fine-tuning with massive datasets struggle with the diversity of mobile…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Guangyi Liu , Pengxiang Zhao , Liang Liu , Zhiming Chen , Yuxiang Chai , Shuai Ren , Hao Wang , Shibo He , Wenchao Meng

We present Agent S, an open agentic framework that enables autonomous interaction with computers through a Graphical User Interface (GUI), aimed at transforming human-computer interaction by automating complex, multi-step tasks. Agent S…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Saaket Agashe , Jiuzhou Han , Shuyu Gan , Jiachen Yang , Ang Li , Xin Eric Wang

Recent advances in multimodal large language models have driven growing interest in graphical user interface (GUI) agents, yet their generalization remains constrained by the scarcity of large-scale training data spanning diverse real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Weimin Xiong , Shuhao Gu , Bowen Ye , Zihao Yue , Lei Li , Feifan Song , Sujian Li , Hao Tian

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have the potential to assist users in interacting with complex software (e.g., PowerPoint, Photoshop). While prior research has primarily focused on automating user actions through clicks and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Saelyne Yang , Jaesang Yu , Yi-Hao Peng , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Jae Won Cho , Yale Song , Juho Kim

GUIs are foundational to interactive systems and play a pivotal role in early requirements elicitation through prototyping. Ensuring that GUI implementations fulfill NL requirements is essential for robust software engineering, especially…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Kristian Kolthoff , Felix Kretzer , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Alexander Maedche , Christian Bartelt

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have shown strong potential as multilingual Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, as evidenced by existing GUI benchmarks. However, these benchmarks exhibit two primary limitations: (1) although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ruihan Chen , Qiming Li , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Xiaoliang Yang , Yuxuan Gu , Zekun Zhou , Yunfei Lu , Haoyu Ren , Kun Chen , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu

Building AI systems for GUI automation task has attracted remarkable research efforts, where MLLMs are leveraged for processing user requirements and give operations. However, GUI automation includes a wide range of tasks, from document…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Zishu Wei , Qixiang Ma , Xavier Hu , Yuhang Liu , Hui Zang , Yudong Zhao , Tao Wang , Shengyu Zhang , Fei Wu