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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide biological plausibility and energy efficiency, yet systematic investigations of memory augmentation strategies remain limited. We conduct a five-model ablation study integrating Leaky…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Effiong Blessing , Chiung-Yi Tseng , Isaac Nkrumah , Junaid Rehman

We study bifurcations in networks of integrate-and-fire neurons with stochastic spike emission, focusing on the effects of the spatial and temporal structure of the synaptic interactions. Using a deterministic mean-field approximation of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-19 Lauren Forbes , Jared Grossman , Montie Avery , Ryan Goh , Gabriel Koch Ocker

Deep learning models are often trained to approximate dynamical systems that can be modeled using differential equations. Many of these models are optimized to predict one step ahead; such approaches produce calibrated one-step predictions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Muhammad Bilal Shahid , Cody Fleming

We present the Multidimensional Hopfield Network (DHN), a natural generalisation of the Hopfield Network. In our theoretical investigations we focus on DHNs with a certain activation function and provide energy functions for them. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Gergely Stomfai , Łukasz Sienkiewicz , Barbara Rychalska

Current deep neural networks (DNNs) used in materials modeling often lack explicit physical structure and clear analytical formulations tailored to material systems, which can limit their interpretability. In this work, we integrate…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-04-15 Yanxiao Hu , Ye Sheng , Caichao Ye , Wenxing Qian , Xiaoxin Xu , Yabei Wu , Jiong Yang , William A. Goddard , Wenqing Zhang

We study the Hopfield model on a random graph in scaling regimes where the average number of connections per neuron is a finite number and where the spin dynamics is governed by a synchronous execution of the microscopic update rule…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-08-16 I. Pérez Castillo , N. S. Skantzos

This paper investigates the controllability of a broad class of recurrent neural networks widely used in theoretical neuroscience, including models of large-scale human brain dynamics. Motivated by emerging applications in non-invasive…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Cyprien Tamekue , Ruiqi Chen , ShiNung Ching

The Hopfield network model and its generalizations were introduced as a model of associative, or content-addressable, memory. They were widely investigated both as an unsupervised learning method in artificial intelligence and as a model of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-10 Marco Cafiso , Paolo Paradisi

Transformer-based models have demonstrated exceptional performance across diverse domains, becoming the state-of-the-art solution for addressing sequential machine learning problems. Even though we have a general understanding of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-06-12 Ángel Poc-López , Miguel Aguilera

This paper proposes two projector-based Hopfield neural network (HNN) estimators for online, constrained parameter estimation under time-varying data, additive disturbances, and slowly drifting physical parameters. The first is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Miguel Pedro Silva

The refractory period controls neuron spike firing rate, crucial for network stability and noise resistance. With advancements in spiking neural network (SNN) training methods, low-latency SNN applications have expanded. In low-latency…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Liying Tao , Zonglin Yang , Delong Shang

We address the problem of identifying functional interactions among stochastic neurons with variable-length memory from their spiking activity. The neuronal network is modeled by a stochastic system of interacting point processes with…

Applications · Statistics 2025-07-01 Ricardo F. Ferreira , Matheus E. Pacola , Vitor G. Schiavone , Rodrigo F. O. Pena

A Hopfield network is an auto-associative, distributive model of neural memory storage and retrieval. A form of error-correcting code, the Hopfield network can learn a set of patterns as stable points of the network dynamic, and retrieve…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2014-07-24 Ila Fiete , David J. Schwab , Ngoc M. Tran

We study emerging phenomena in binary neural networks where, with a probability c synaptic intensities are chosen according with a Hebbian prescription, and with probability (1-c) there is an extra random contribution to synaptic weights.…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-08-25 Ibon Recio , Joaquín J. Torres

In [7] Krotov and Hopfield suggest a generalized version of the well-known Hopfield model of associative memory. In their version they consider a polynomial interaction function and claim that this increases the storage capacity of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-07-03 Mete Demircigil , Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Sven Upgang , Franck Vermet

Hopfield networks using Hebbian learning suffer from limited storage capacity. While supervised methods like Linear Logistic Regression (LLR) offer some improvement, kernel methods like Kernel Logistic Regression (KLR) significantly enhance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Akira Tamamori

We introduce a spherical Hopfield-type neural network involving neurons and patterns that are continuous variables. We study both the thermodynamics and dynamics of this model. In order to have a retrieval phase a quartic term is added to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 D. Bolle , Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen , I. Perez Castillo , T. Verbeiren

We consider a simple Markovian class of the stochastic Wilson-Cowan type models of neuronal network dynamics, which incorporates stochastic delay caused by the existence of a refractory period of neurons. From the point of view of the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-01 Igor Goychuk , Andriy Goychuk

Recent studies have shown that synaptic unreliability is a robust and sufficient mechanism for inducing the stochasticity observed in cortex. Here, we introduce Synaptic Sampling Machines, a class of neural network models that uses synaptic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-12-16 Emre O. Neftci , Bruno U. Pedroni , Siddharth Joshi , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Gert Cauwenberghs

Neural networks are widely used, yet their analysis and verification remain challenging. In this work, we present a Lean 4 formalization of neural networks, covering both deterministic and stochastic models. We first formalize Hopfield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Matteo Cipollina , Michail Karatarakis , Freek Wiedijk