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Sequence memory is an essential attribute of natural and artificial intelligence that enables agents to encode, store, and retrieve complex sequences of stimuli and actions. Computational models of sequence memory have been proposed where…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Hamza Tahir Chaudhry , Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Dmitry Krotov , Cengiz Pehlevan

In this work we introduce a multi-species generalization of the Hopfield model for associative memory, where neurons are divided into groups and both inter-groups and intra-groups pair-wise interactions are considered, with different…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-07-11 Elena Agliari , Danila Migliozzi , Daniele Tantari

Hopfield networks are a variant of associative memory that recall information stored in the couplings of an Ising model. Stored memories are fixed points for the network dynamics that correspond to energetic minima of the spin state. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-15 Hadayat Seddiqi , Travis S. Humble

The Hopfield model is a paradigmatic model of neural networks that has been analyzed for many decades in the statistical physics, neuroscience, and machine learning communities. Inspired by the manifold hypothesis in machine learning, we…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-05-01 Matteo Negri , Clarissa Lauditi , Gabriele Perugini , Carlo Lucibello , Enrico Malatesta

A specific type of neural network, the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), is implemented for classification and feature detection in machine learning. RBM is characterized by separate layers of visible and hidden units, which are able to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2012-01-11 Adriano Barra , Alberto Bernacchia , Enrica Santucci , Pierluigi Contucci

We study the optimal memorization capacity of modern Hopfield models and Kernelized Hopfield Models (KHMs), a transformer-compatible class of Dense Associative Memories. We present a tight analysis by establishing a connection between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-04 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Dennis Wu , Han Liu

Hopfield model is one of the few neural networks for which analytical results can be obtained. However, most of them are derived under the assumption of random uncorrelated patterns, while in real life applications data to be stored show…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-02-01 Giordano De Marzo , Giulio Iannelli

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been widely used in natural language processing and computer vision. Among them, the Hierarchical Multi-scale RNN (HM-RNN), a kind of multi-scale hierarchical RNN proposed recently, can learn the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Shiyang Yan , Jeremy S. Smith , Wenjin Lu , Bailing Zhang

We present a neuronal network model inspired by the Ising model, where each neuron is a binary spin ($s_i = \pm1$) interacting with its neighbors on a 2D lattice. Updates are asynchronous and follow Metropolis dynamics, with a…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-10 Sajedeh Sarmastani , Maliheh Ghodrat , Yousef Jamali

While Hopfield networks are known as paradigmatic models for memory storage and retrieval, modern artificial intelligence systems mainly stand on the machine learning paradigm. We show that it is possible to formulate a teacher-student…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-01-02 Francesco Alemanno , Luca Camanzi , Gianluca Manzan , Daniele Tantari

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

Finding synthesis routes for molecules of interest is an essential step in the discovery of new drugs and materials. To find such routes, computer-assisted synthesis planning (CASP) methods are employed which rely on a model of chemical…

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer biologically inspired, energy-efficient alternatives to traditional Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for real-time control systems. However, their training presents several challenges, particularly for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ali Safa , Farida Mohsen , Ali Al-Zawqari

Attractor networks are an influential theory for memory storage in brain systems. This theory has recently been challenged by the observation of strong temporal variability in neuronal recordings during memory tasks. In this work, we study…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-02 Ulises Pereira-Obilinovic , Johnatan Aljadeff , Nicolas Brunel

We study a class of Hopfield models where the memories are represented by a mixture of Gaussian and binary variables and the neurons are Ising spins. We study the properties of this family of models as the relative weight of the two kinds…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-09-29 Luca Leuzzi , Alberto Patti , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

Recent works have highlighted the need for a new dynamical paradigm in the modeling of brain function and evolution. Specifically, these models should incorporate non-constant and asymmetric synaptic weights $T_{ij}$ in the neuron-neuron…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-03 Franco Cardin , Alberto Lovison , Amos Maritan , Aram Megighian

Associative memory, a form of content-addressable memory, facilitates information storage and retrieval in many biological and physical systems. In statistical mechanics models, associative memory at equilibrium is represented through…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-03-08 Agnish Kumar Behera , Madan Rao , Srikanth Sastry , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan

The Little-Hopfield network is an auto-associative computational model of neural memory storage and retrieval. This model is known to robustly store collections of randomly generated binary patterns as stable-states of the network dynamics.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-04-30 Christopher Hillar , Ngoc Tran , Kilian Koepsell

In this work, we propose a nonlinear stochastic model of a network of stochastic spiking neurons. We heuristically derive the mean-field limit of this system. We then design a Monte Carlo method for the simulation of the microscopic system,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-06-26 Benjamin Aymard , Fabien Campillo , Romain Veltz

Long-sequence modeling faces a fundamental trade-off between the efficiency of compressive fixed-size memory in RNN-like models and the fidelity of lossless growing memory in attention-based Transformers. Inspired by the Multi-Store Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Yunhao Fang , Weihao Yu , Shu Zhong , Qinghao Ye , Xuehan Xiong , Lai Wei