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The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has motivated research on decision-making in multi-agent systems, where multiple agents collaborate to achieve shared objectives. Existing aggregation approaches, such as voting and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zheng Zhang , Cuong C. Nguyen , Kevin Wells , Gustavo Carneiro

Multi-agent systems (MAS) extend large language models (LLMs) from independent single-model reasoning to coordinative system-level intelligence. While existing LLM agents depend on text-based mediation for reasoning and communication, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jiaru Zou , Xiyuan Yang , Ruizhong Qiu , Gaotang Li , Katherine Tieu , Pan Lu , Ke Shen , Hanghang Tong , Yejin Choi , Jingrui He , James Zou , Mengdi Wang , Ling Yang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by large language models (LLMs) hold significant promise for solving complex decision-making tasks. However, the core process of collaborative decision-making (CDM) within these systems remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Xuyang Zhao , Shiwan Zhao , Hualong Yu , Liting Zhang , Qicheng Li

How should an agent decide when and how to plan? A dominant approach builds agents as reactive policies with adaptive computation (e.g., chain-of-thought), trained end-to-end expecting planning to emerge implicitly. Without control over the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Mingkai Deng , Jinyu Hou , Lara Sá Neves , Varad Pimpalkhute , Taylor W. Killian , Zhengzhong Liu , Eric P. Xing

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate that chain-of-thought prompting and deep reasoning substantially enhance performance on complex tasks, and multi-agent systems can further improve accuracy by enabling model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Zehui Ling , Deshu Chen , Yichi Zhang , Yuchen Liu , Xigui Li , Xin Guo , Yuan Cheng

Multi-agent debate has been shown to improve reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, it is compute-intensive, requiring generation of long transcripts before answering questions. To address this inefficiency, we develop a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 John Seon Keun Yi , Aaron Mueller , Dokyun Lee

We introduce a novel large language model (LLM)-driven agent framework, which iteratively refines queries and filters contextual evidence by leveraging dynamically evolving knowledge. A defining feature of the system is its decoupling of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Seyoung Song

Multi-agent LLM systems improve reasoning by combining outputs from multiple agents, but interaction-heavy methods can introduce error propagation and high communication overhead. When agents exchange raw responses or reasoning traces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yi Li , Songtao Wei , Dongming Jiang , Zhichun Guo , Qiannan Li , Bingzhe Li

Advances in inference methods have enabled language models to improve their predictions without additional training. These methods often prioritize raw performance over cost-effective compute usage. However, computational efficiency is key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Florian Valentin Wunderlich , Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

The rapid proliferation of recent Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), where Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) usually collaborate to solve complex problems, necessitates a deep understanding of the persuasion dynamics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Haodong Zhao , Jidong Li , Zhaomin Wu , Tianjie Ju , Zhuosheng Zhang , Bingsheng He , Gongshen Liu

Reaching consensus in urban planning is a complex process often hindered by prolonged negotiations, trade-offs, power dynamics, and competing stakeholder interests, resulting in inefficiencies and inequities. Advances in large language…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Jin Gao , Hanyong Xu , Luc Dao

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled multi-agent systems that simulate real-world interactions with near-human reasoning. While previous studies have extensively examined biases related to protected attributes such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Min Choi , Keonwoo Kim , Sungwon Chae , Sangyeob Baek

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-agent systems where agents communicate in natural language to solve tasks jointly. A key capability in such systems is consensus formation, where agents iteratively exchange…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaolin Sun , Zixuan Liu , Yibin Hu , Zizhan Zheng

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the power of reasoning through self-generated chains of thought. Multiple reasoning agents can collaborate to raise joint reasoning quality above individual outcomes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Chan-Jan Hsu , Davide Buffelli , Jamie McGowan , Feng-Ting Liao , Yi-Chang Chen , Sattar Vakili , Da-shan Shiu

Multi-agent systems have extended the capability of agentic AI. Instead of single inference passes, multiple agents perform collective reasoning to derive high quality answers. However, existing multi-agent orchestration relies on static…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Chaoyi Ruan , Yiliang Wang , Ziji Shi , Jialin Li

We introduce Agentic Reasoning, a framework that enhances large language model (LLM) reasoning by integrating external tool-using agents. Agentic Reasoning dynamically leverages web search, code execution, and structured memory to address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Junde Wu , Jiayuan Zhu , Yuyuan Liu , Min Xu , Yueming Jin

Remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in a variety of tasks brings forth many opportunities as well as challenges of utilizing them in production settings. Towards practical adoption of LLMs, multi-agent systems hold great…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Eser Kandogan , Nikita Bhutani , Sajjadur Rahman , Tom Mitchell , Estevam Hruschka

Multi-agent debate (MAD) is an emerging approach to improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Existing MAD methods rely on multiple rounds of interaction among agents to reach consensus, and the final output is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yu Cui , Hang Fu , Haibin Zhang , Licheng Wang , Cong Zuo

While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Jiatong Liu , Haochun Wang , Wanting Li , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Multi-agent debate has proven effective in improving large language models quality for reasoning and factuality tasks. While various role-playing strategies in multi-agent debates have been explored, in terms of the communication among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yunxuan Li , Yibing Du , Jiageng Zhang , Le Hou , Peter Grabowski , Yeqing Li , Eugene Ie