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The topology of classical networks is determined by physical links between nodes, and after a network request the links are used to establish the desired connections. Quantum networks offer the possibility to generate different kinds of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

The distribution of entangled states across the nodes of a future quantum internet will unlock fundamentally new technologies. Here we report on the experimental realization of a three-node entanglement-based quantum network. We combine…

The distribution of entangled states is a core task for quantum networks facilitating quantum communication, and the use of multipartite entangled states comes with its own set of considerations. In this work, we analyze a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Janka Memmen , Julia Kunzelmann , Nathan Walk , Jens Eisert , Julius Wallnöfer

Large-scale quantum networks promise to enable secure communication, distributed quantum computing, enhanced sensing and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics through the distribution of entanglement across nodes. Moving beyond current…

Graph states are a class of important multiparty entangled states, of which bell pairs are the special case. Realizing a robust and fast distribution of arbitrary graph states in the downstream layer of the quantum network can be essential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-09 Yuexun Huang , Xiangyu Ren , Bikun Li , Yat Wong , Zhiding Liang , Liang Jiang

The ability to reliably distribute entanglement among the nodes of a network is an essential requirement for the development of effective quantum communication protocols and the realization of useful quantum networks. It has been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-25 Alessandro Laneve , Hannah McAleese , Mauro Paternostro

Quantum metrology harnesses quantum entanglement to improve measurement precision beyond standard quantum limit. Although nonlinear interaction is essential for generating entanglement, during signal accumulation, it becomes detrimental and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Jihao Ma , Jiahao Huang , Chaohong Lee

We consider the problem of optimising the achievable EPR-pair distribution rate between multiple source-destination pairs in a quantum internet, where the repeaters may perform a probabilistic bell-state measurement and we may impose a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Kaushik Chakraborty , David Elkouss , Bruno Rijsman , Stephanie Wehner

Conventional quantum routing operates under the entrenched assumption that pathfinding is a prerequisite for routing. This classical-inspired routing model imposes a restricting design option, which prevents scaling the quantumness to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Si-Yi Chen , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Marcello Caleffi

We address a wide spectrum of quantum control strategies, including various open-loop protocols and advanced adaptive methods. These methodologies apply to few-qubit scenarios and naturally scale to larger N-qubit systems. We benchmark them…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Atta ur Rahman , M. Y. Abd-Rabbou , Cong-feng Qiao

Reliable preparation of entanglement between distant systems is an outstanding problem in quantum information science and quantum communication. In practice, this has to be accomplished via noisy channels (such as optical fibers) that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-11-01 Liang Jiang , Jacob M. Taylor , Navin Khaneja , Mikhail D. Lukin

Quantum network applications impose a variety of requirements on entanglement resources in terms of rate, fidelity, latency, and more. The repeaters in the quantum network must combine good methods for entanglement generation, effective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Sijie Cheng , Narayanan Rengaswamy

Networked entanglement is an essential component for a plethora of quantum computation and communication protocols. Direct transmission of quantum signals over long distances is prevented by fibre attenuation and the no-cloning theorem,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-26 Simon J. Devitt , Andrew D. Greentree , Ashley M. Stephens , Rodney Van Meter

Quantum networking is an emerging area with the potential to transform information processing and communications. In this paper, we present a brief introduction to quantum network control, an area in quantum networking dedicated to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-30 Víctor Valls , Panagiotis Promponas , Leandros Tassiulas

Quantum entanglement is so fundamentally different from a network packet that several quantum network stacks have been proposed; one of which has even been experimentally demonstrated. Several simulators have also been developed to make up…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Wojciech Kozlowski , Fernando A. Kuipers , Rob Smets , Belma Turkovic

Quantum entanglement is a building block of the entangled quantum networks of the quantum Internet. A fundamental problem of the quantum Internet is entanglement distribution. Since quantum entanglement will be fundamental to any future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-02 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

The complexity of large-scale 6G-and-beyond networks demands innovative approaches for multi-objective optimization over vast search spaces, a task often intractable. Quantum computing (QC) emerges as a promising technology for efficient…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Sebastian Macaluso , Giovanni Geraci , Elías F. Combarro , Sergi Abadal , Ioannis Arapakis , Sofia Vallecorsa , Eduard Alarcón

Quantum entanglement is the central resource behind applications in quantum information science, from quantum computers and simulators of complex quantum systems to metrology and secure communication. All of these applications require the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 D. Hucul , I. V. Inlek , G. Vittorini , C. Crocker , S. Debnath , S. M. Clark , C. Monroe

Flexible-grid wavelength-division multiplexing is a powerful tool in lightwave communications for maximizing spectral efficiency. In the emerging field of quantum networking, the need for effective resource provisioning is particularly…

Quantum networks facilitate numerous applications such as secure communication and distributed quantum computation by performing entanglement distribution. Multi-user quantum applications where quantum information is shared between multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 Evan Sutcliffe , Alejandra Beghelli