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Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) rely on Deep Neural Networks, allowing vehicles to navigate complex, open environments. However, the unpredictability of these scenarios highlights the need for rigorous system-level testing to ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Hossein Yousefizadeh , Shenghui Gu , Lionel C. Briand , Ali Nasr

Automated driving systems (ADS) are expected to be reliable and robust against a wide range of driving scenarios. Their decisions, first and foremost, must be well understood. Understanding a decision made by ADS is a great challenge,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Quang-Hung Luu , Huai Liu , Tsong Yueh Chen , Hai L. Vu

Self-driving cars have the potential to revolutionize transportation, but ensuring their safety remains a significant challenge. These systems must navigate a variety of unexpected scenarios on the road, and their complexity poses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

Metamorphic testing has proven to be effective for test case generation and fault detection in many domains. It is a software testing strategy that uses certain relations between input-output pairs of a program, referred to as metamorphic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Jubril Gbolahan Adigun , Linus Eisele , Michael Felderer

Ensuring the safety of self-driving cars remains a major challenge due to the complexity and unpredictability of real-world driving environments. Traditional testing methods face significant limitations, such as the oracle problem, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

Thorough testing of safety-critical autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, autonomous robots, and drones, is essential for detecting potential failures before deployment. One crucial testing stage is model-in-the-loop testing, where…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Dmytro Humeniuk , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

To improve the security and robustness of autonomous driving models, this paper presents SMET, a scenariobased metamorphic testing tool for autonomous driving models. The metamorphic relationship is divided into three dimensions (time,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Haiyang Ao , Ya Pan

Self-evolution is a central research topic in enabling large language model (LLM)-based agents to continually improve their capabilities after pretraining. Recent research has witnessed a transition from reinforcement learning (RL)-free to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xiangyuan Xue , Yifan Zhou , Guibin Zhang , Zaibin Zhang , Yijiang Li , Chen Zhang , Zhenfei Yin , Philip Torr , Wanli Ouyang , Lei Bai

The rapid pace of large-scale software development places increasing demands on traditional testing methodologies, often leading to bottlenecks in efficiency, accuracy, and coverage. We propose a novel perspective on software testing by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yuchen Wang , Shangxin Guo , Chee Wei Tan

An open problem for autonomous driving is how to validate the safety of an autonomous vehicle in simulation. Automated testing procedures can find failures of an autonomous system but these failures may be difficult to interpret due to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Anthony Corso , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Large language model (LLM)-based evolution is a promising approach for open-ended discovery, where progress requires sustained search and knowledge accumulation. Existing methods still rely heavily on fixed heuristics and hard-coded…

Many organizations are developing autonomous driving systems, which are expected to be deployed at a large scale in the near future. Despite this, there is a lack of agreement on appropriate methods to test, debug, and certify the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali , Georgios Fainekos , Hisahiro Ito , James Kapinski

Cyber-physical systems like autonomous vehicles are tested in simulation before deployment, using domain-specific programs for scenario specification. To aid the testing of autonomous vehicles in simulation, we design a natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Rimvydas Rubavicius , Antonio Valerio Miceli-Barone , Alex Lascarides , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) are safety-critical, where failures can be severe. While Metamorphic Testing (MT) is effective for fault detection in ADS, existing methods rely heavily on manual effort and lack automation. We present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Linfeng Liang , Chenkai Tan , Yao Deng , Yingfeng Cai , T. Y Chen , Xi Zheng

Understanding and adhering to traffic regulations is essential for autonomous vehicles to ensure safety and trustworthiness. However, traffic regulations are complex, context-dependent, and differ between regions, posing a major challenge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Tianhui Cai , Yifan Liu , Zewei Zhou , Haoxuan Ma , Seth Z. Zhao , Zhiwen Wu , Xu Han , Zhiyu Huang , Jiaqi Ma

An open question in autonomous driving is how best to use simulation to validate the safety of autonomous vehicles. Existing techniques rely on simulated rollouts, which can be inefficient for finding rare failure events, while other…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Anthony Corso , Ritchie Lee , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Maintaining robust 3D perception under dynamic and unpredictable test-time conditions remains a critical challenge for autonomous driving systems. Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) methods often fail in high-variance tasks like 3D object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Huitong Yang , Zhuoxiao Chen , Fengyi Zhang , Zi Huang , Yadan Luo

A critical limitation in large-scale multi-agent systems is the cascading of errors. And without intermediate verification, downstream agents exacerbate upstream inaccuracies, resulting in significant quality degradation. To bridge this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Churong Liang , Jinling Gan , Kairan Hong , Qiushi Tian , Zongze Wu , Runnan Li

Developing and fielding complex systems requires proof that they are reliably correct with respect to their design and operating requirements. Especially for autonomous systems which exhibit unanticipated emergent behavior, fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Matthew Litton , Doron Drusinsky , James Bret Michael

Safe autonomous driving in mixed traffic requires a unified understanding of multimodal interactions and dynamic planning under uncertainty. Existing learning based approaches struggle to capture rare but safety critical behaviors, while…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Heye Huang , Yibin Yang , Mingfeng Fan , Haoran Wang , Xiaocong Zhao , Jianqiang Wang
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