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In this paper, we study how a budget-constrained bidder should learn to bid adaptively in repeated first-price auctions to maximize cumulative payoff. This problem arises from the recent industry-wide shift from second-price auctions to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yige Wang , Jiashuo Jiang

Real-time bidding (RTB) based display advertising has become one of the key technological advances in computational advertising. RTB enables advertisers to buy individual ad impressions via an auction in real-time and facilitates the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Kan Ren , Weinan Zhang , Ke Chang , Yifei Rong , Yong Yu , Jun Wang

Internet advertisers (buyers) repeatedly procure ad impressions from ad platforms (sellers) with the aim to maximize total conversion (i.e. ad value) while respecting both budget and return-on-investment (ROI) constraints for efficient…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Negin Golrezaei , Patrick Jaillet , Jason Cheuk Nam Liang , Vahab Mirrokni

In the context of advertising auctions, finding good reserve prices is a notoriously challenging learning problem. This is due to the heterogeneity of ad opportunity types and the non-convexity of the objective function. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Andrés Muñoz Medina , Sergei Vassilvitskii

In this work, we investigate the online learning problem of revenue maximization in ad auctions, where the seller needs to learn the click-through rates (CTRs) of each ad candidate and charge the price of the winner through a pay-per-click…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Zhe Feng , Christopher Liaw , Zixin Zhou

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is an important mechanism in modern online advertising systems. Advertisers employ bidding strategies in RTB to optimize their advertising effects subject to various financial requirements, especially the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Haozhe Wang , Chao Du , Panyan Fang , Shuo Yuan , Xuming He , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

Maximizing utility with a budget constraint is the primary goal for advertisers in real-time bidding (RTB) systems. The policy maximizing the utility is referred to as the optimal bidding strategy. Earlier works on optimal bidding strategy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Aritra Ghosh , Saayan Mitra , Somdeb Sarkhel , Viswanathan Swaminathan

Auto-bidding systems aim to maximize marketing value while satisfying strict efficiency constraints such as Target Cost-Per-Action (CPA). Although Decision Transformers provide powerful sequence modeling capabilities, applying them to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Binglin Wu , Yingyi Zhang , Xianneng Li , Ruyue Deng , Chuan Yue , Weiru Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng

Advertisement auctions play a crucial role in revenue generation for e-commerce companies. To make the bidding procedure scalable to thousands of auctions, the automatic bidding (autobidding) algorithms are actively developed in the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Andrey Pudovikov , Alexandra Khirianova , Ekaterina Solodneva , Aleksandr Katrutsa , Egor Samosvat , Yuriy Dorn

We study the problem of finding the optimal bidding strategy for an advertiser in a multi-platform auction setting. The competition on a platform is captured by a value and a cost function, mapping bidding strategies to value and cost…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Gagan Aggarwal , Anupam Gupta , Xizhi Tan , Mingfei Zhao

Auto-bidding systems aim to maximize advertiser value over long horizons under budget constraints and ratio targets such as cost-per-acquisition, yet future traffic and auction dynamics are non-stationary and uncertain. Existing approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Eunseok Yang , Xingdong Zuo , Kyung-Min Kim

In online advertising markets, budget-constrained advertisers acquire ad placements through repeated bidding in auctions on various platforms. We present a strategy for bidding optimally in a set of auctions that may or may not be…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Fransisca Susan , Negin Golrezaei , Okke Schrijvers

Today, billions of display ad impressions are purchased on a daily basis through a public auction hosted by real time bidding (RTB) exchanges. A decision has to be made for advertisers to submit a bid for each selected RTB ad request in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-15 Kuang-Chih Lee , Ali Jalali , Ali Dasdan

Reasoning about uncertainty is vital in many real-life autonomous systems. However, current state-of-the-art planning algorithms cannot either reason about uncertainty explicitly, or do so with a high computational burden. Here, we focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Moran Barenboim , Vadim Indelman

Firms that price perishable resources -- airline seats, hotel rooms, seasonal inventory -- now routinely use demand predictions, but these predictions vary widely in quality. Under hard capacity constraints, acting on an inaccurate…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-27 Ruicheng Ao , Jiashuo Jiang , David Simchi-Levi

Auction-based recommender systems are prevalent in online advertising platforms, but they are typically optimized to allocate recommendation slots based on immediate expected return metrics, neglecting the downstream effects of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ruiyang Xu , Jalaj Bhandari , Dmytro Korenkevych , Fan Liu , Yuchen He , Alex Nikulkov , Zheqing Zhu

We address online learning in complex auction settings, such as sponsored search auctions, where the value of the bidder is unknown to her, evolving in an arbitrary manner and observed only if the bidder wins an allocation. We leverage the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Zhe Feng , Chara Podimata , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become a critical way of online advertising. In RTB, an advertiser can participate in bidding ad impressions to display its advertisements. The advertiser determines every impression's bidding price according to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Mengjuan Liu , Jinyu Liu , Zhengning Hu , Yuchen Ge , Xuyun Nie

In cost-per-click (CPC) or cost-per-impression (CPM) advertising campaigns, advertisers always run the risk of spending the budget without getting enough conversions. Moreover, the bidding on advertising inventory has few connections with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Deguang Kong , Konstantin Shmakov , Jian Yang

The optimization of bidding strategies for online advertising slot auctions presents a critical challenge across numerous digital marketplaces. A significant obstacle to the development, evaluation, and refinement of real-time autobidding…