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Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) for public use require continuous pre-training to remain up-to-date with the latest data. The models also need to be fine-tuned with specific instructions to maintain their ability to follow instructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ishan Jindal , Chandana Badrinath , Pranjal Bharti , Lakkidi Vinay , Sachin Dev Sharma

The widespread adoption of language models (LMs) has caused a huge surge in demand for GPUs. Training large LMs requires tens of thousands of GPUs and housing them in the same datacenter (DC) is a challenge due to many constraints including…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Palak , Tella Rajashekhar Reddy , Bhaskar Kataria , Rohan Gandhi , Karan Tandon , Debopam Bhattacherjee , Venkata N. Padmanabhan

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) is a GPU-intensive task where traditional autoscalers fall short, particularly for modern Prefill-Decode (P/D) disaggregated architectures. This architectural shift, while powerful, introduces…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Rongzhi Li , Ruogu Du , Zefang Chu , Sida Zhao , Chunlei Han , Zuocheng Shi , Yiwen Shao , Huanle Han , Long Huang , Zherui Liu , Shufan Liu

Training foundation models, such as GPT-3 and PaLM, can be extremely expensive, often involving tens of thousands of GPUs running continuously for months. These models are typically trained in specialized clusters featuring fast,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Binhang Yuan , Yongjun He , Jared Quincy Davis , Tianyi Zhang , Tri Dao , Beidi Chen , Percy Liang , Christopher Re , Ce Zhang

Current GPU-accelerated supercomputers promise to enable large-scale simulations of turbulent flows. Lattice Boltzmann Methods (LBM) are particularly well-suited to fulfilling this promise due to their intrinsic compatibility with highly…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Adrian Kummerländer , Fedor Bukreev , Yuji Shimojima , Shota Ito , Mathias J. Krause

To alleviate hardware scarcity in training large deep neural networks (DNNs), particularly large language models (LLMs), we present FusionLLM, a decentralized training system designed and implemented for training DNNs using geo-distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Zhenheng Tang , Xueze Kang , Yiming Yin , Xinglin Pan , Yuxin Wang , Xin He , Qiang Wang , Rongfei Zeng , Kaiyong Zhao , Shaohuai Shi , Amelie Chi Zhou , Bo Li , Bingsheng He , Xiaowen Chu

Large language model (LLM) serving is fundamentally limited by inefficient hardware utilization. Autoregressive (AR) decoding underutilizes GPUs due to its strictly sequential execution, while diffusion LLMs (DLLMs) improve throughput by…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chiyue Wei , Cong Guo , Bowen Duan , Junyao Zhang , Haoxuan Shan , Yifei Wang , Yangjie Zhou , Hai "Helen" Li , Danyang Zhuo , Yiran Chen

We propose a generic algorithmic building block to accelerate training of machine learning models on heterogeneous compute systems. Our scheme allows to efficiently employ compute accelerators such as GPUs and FPGAs for the training of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Celestine Dünner , Thomas Parnell , Martin Jaggi

A large language model (LLM) is one of the most important emerging machine learning applications nowadays. However, due to its huge model size and runtime increase of the memory footprint, LLM inferences suffer from the lack of memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Soojin Hwang , Jungwoo Kim , Sanghyeon Lee , Hongbeen Kim , Jaehyuk Huh

This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in solving programming challenges from Leetcode, a widely used platform for algorithm practice and technical interviews. We began by crawling the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lun Wang , Chuanqi Shi , Shaoshui Du , Yiyi Tao , Yixian Shen , Hang Zheng , Yanxin Shen , Xinyu Qiu

Deep learning recommendation models (DLRM) rely on large embedding tables to manage categorical sparse features. Expanding such embedding tables can significantly enhance model performance, but at the cost of increased GPU/CPU/memory usage.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Qinlong Wang , Tingfeng Lan , Yinghao Tang , Ziling Huang , Yiheng Du , Haitao Zhang , Jian Sha , Hui Lu , Yuanchun Zhou , Ke Zhang , Mingjie Tang

Training large language models is an expensive, compute-bound process that must be repeated as models scale, algorithms improve, and new data is collected. To address this, next-generation hardware accelerators increasingly support…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Huangyuan Su , Mujin Kwun , Stephanie Gil , Sham Kakade , Nikhil Anand

As mobile devices increasingly become focal points for advanced applications, edge computing presents a viable solution to their inherent computational limitations, particularly in deploying large language models (LLMs). However, despite…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Chang Liu , Jun Zhao

Finetuning large language models (LLMs) is essential for task adaptation, yet today's serving stacks isolate inference and finetuning on separate GPU clusters -- wasting resources and under-utilizing hardware. We introduce FlexLLM, the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Gabriele Oliaro , Xupeng Miao , Xinhao Cheng , Vineeth Kada , Mengdi Wu , Ruohan Gao , Yingyi Huang , Remi Delacourt , April Yang , Yingcheng Wang , Colin Unger , Zhihao Jia

Recent work in language modeling demonstrates that training large transformer models advances the state of the art in Natural Language Processing applications. However, very large models can be quite difficult to train due to memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Mohammad Shoeybi , Mostofa Patwary , Raul Puri , Patrick LeGresley , Jared Casper , Bryan Catanzaro

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful method for extracting valuable information from large volumes of data. However, when new training data arrives continuously (i.e., is not fully available from the beginning), incremental training…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Thomas Bouvier , Bogdan Nicolae , Hugo Chaugier , Alexandru Costan , Ian Foster , Gabriel Antoniu

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) on consumer-grade GPUs is highly cost-effective, yet constrained by limited GPU memory and slow PCIe interconnects. Pipeline parallelism combined with CPU offloading mitigates these hardware…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yibin Luo , Shiwei Gao , Huichuan Zheng , Youyou Lu , Jiwu Shu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant success across various domains. However, training these LLMs typically involves substantial memory and computational costs during both forward and backward propagation. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Sunghyeon Woo , Baeseong Park , Byeongwook Kim , Minjung Jo , Se Jung Kwon , Dongsuk Jeon , Dongsoo Lee

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) struggle with continual learning, often suffering from catastrophic forgetting when adapting to sequential tasks. We introduce a routing-based architecture that integrates new capabilities while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jay Mohta , Kenan Emir Ak , Gwang Lee , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Yan Xu , Mingwei Shen