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Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become the most effective post-training approach for improving the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). In practice, because of the high demands on latency and memory, it is particularly challenging…

We demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of applying reinforcement learning (RL) in flow control problems by automatically discovering active control strategies without any prior knowledge of the flow physics. We consider the turbulent…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-03-10 Dixia Fan , Liu Yang , Michael S Triantafyllou , George Em Karniadakis

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has traditionally focused on training specialized agents to optimize predefined reward functions within narrowly defined environments. However, the advent of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) and increasingly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Fangming Cui , Ruixiao Zhu , Cheng Fang , Sunan Li , Jiahong Li

Synchronous Reinforcement Learning (RL) post-training has emerged as a crucial step for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with diverse capabilities. However, many systems designed to accelerate RL post-training still suffer from low…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success through imitation learning on vast text corpora, but this paradigm creates a training-generation gap and limits robust reasoning. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhepeng Cen , Haolin Chen , Shiyu Wang , Zuxin Liu , Zhiwei Liu , Jielin Qiu , Ding Zhao , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Huan Wang , Weiran Yao

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training has become pivotal for enhancing the capabilities of modern large models. A recent trend is to develop RL systems with a fully disaggregated architecture, which decouples the three RL phases…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Haoyang Li , Sheng Lin , Fangcheng Fu , Yuming Zhou , Xiaodong Ji , Yanfeng Zhao , Lefeng Wang , Jie Jiang , Bin Cui

Reinforcement learning (RL) trains many agents, which is resource-intensive and must scale to large GPU clusters. Different RL training algorithms offer different opportunities for distributing and parallelising the computation. Yet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Huanzhou Zhu , Bo Zhao , Gang Chen , Weifeng Chen , Yijie Chen , Liang Shi , Yaodong Yang , Peter Pietzuch , Lei Chen

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines are central to modern software delivery, yet their static workflows often introduce inefficiencies as systems scale. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning (RL) based…

Temporal information is essential to learning effective policies with Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, current state-of-the-art RL algorithms either assume that such information is given as part of the state space or, when learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Wenling Shang , Xiaofei Wang , Aravind Srinivas , Aravind Rajeswaran , Yang Gao , Pieter Abbeel , Michael Laskin

Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) has been successful in learning sophisticated behaviors automatically; however, the learning process requires a huge number of trials. In contrast, animals can learn new tasks in just a few trials,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-11 Yan Duan , John Schulman , Xi Chen , Peter L. Bartlett , Ilya Sutskever , Pieter Abbeel

While reinforcement learning (RL) demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of language models, the training dynamics of RL in LLMs remain unclear. In this work, we provide an explanation of the RL training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xingwu Chen , Tianle Li , Difan Zou

Unsupervised Reinforcement Learning from Internal Feedback (RLIF) has emerged as a promising paradigm for eliciting the latent capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) without external supervision. However, current methods rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruishuo Chen , Yu Chen , Zhuoran Li , Longbo Huang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a transformative approach for aligning and enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), addressing critical challenges in instruction following, ethical alignment, and reasoning capabilities. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Saksham Sahai Srivastava , Vaneet Aggarwal

The growing disparity between the exponential scaling of computational resources and the finite growth of high-quality text data now constrains conventional scaling approaches for large language models (LLMs). To address this challenge, we…

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to its application in many areas of everyday life. In the context of control engineering, reinforcement learning (RL) represents a particularly promising approach as it is centred around the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Kevin Badalian , Lucas Koch , Tobias Brinkmann , Mario Picerno , Marius Wegener , Sung-Yong Lee , Jakob Andert

Learning-based methods, particularly Reinforcement Learning (RL), hold great promise for streamlining deployment, enhancing performance, and achieving generalization in the control of autonomous multirotor aerial vehicles. Deep RL has been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Jonas Eschmann , Dario Albani , Giuseppe Loianno

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a critical paradigm for post-training Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models, enabling embodied agents to adapt and improve through environmental interaction. However, existing RL frameworks for VLAs…

Motile microorganisms develop effective swimming gaits to adapt to complex biological environments. Translating this adaptability to smart microrobots presents significant challenges in motion planning and stroke design. In this work, we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yuyang Lai , Sina Heydari , On Shun Pak , Yi Man

Reinforcement learning (RL) is highly suitable for devising control strategies in the context of dynamical systems. A prominent instance of such a dynamical system is the system of equations governing fluid dynamics. Recent research results…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Marius Kurz , Philipp Offenhäuser , Dominic Viola , Oleksandr Shcherbakov , Michael Resch , Andrea Beck

Reasoning large language models (LLMs) excel in complex tasks, which has drawn significant attention to reinforcement learning (RL) for LLMs. However, existing approaches allocate an equal number of rollouts to all questions during the RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mengqi Liao , Xiangyu Xi , Ruinian Chen , Jia Leng , Yangen Hu , Ke Zeng , Shuai Liu , Huaiyu Wan