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Related papers: The Alignment Bottleneck

200 papers

Mainstream approaches to aligning large language models (LLMs) heavily rely on human preference data, particularly when models require periodic updates. The standard process for iterative alignment of LLMs involves collecting new human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Chen Zhang , Chengguang Tang , Dading Chong , Ke Shi , Guohua Tang , Feng Jiang , Haizhou Li

Consider a device that is connected to an edge processor via a communication channel. The device holds local data that is to be offloaded to the edge processor so as to train a machine learning model, e.g., for regression or classification.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Osvaldo Simeone

Resource-constrained systems are prevalent in communications. Such a system is composed of many components but only some of them can be allocated with resources such as time slots. According to the amount of information about the system,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-04-02 Albert Y. S. Lam , Yanhui Geng , Victor O. K. Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for their reasoning capabilities, yet their ability to perform structured, constraint-based optimization from natural language remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Julian Kunkel

Current large language models (LLMs) generally show a significant performance gap in alignment between English and other languages. To bridge this gap, existing research typically leverages the model's responses in English as a reference to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Xue Zhang , Yunlong Liang , Fandong Meng , Songming Zhang , Yufeng Chen , Jinan Xu , Jie Zhou

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and Large Language Models (LLMs) in particular, are increasingly employed for creative tasks like scientific idea generation, constituting a form of generalization from training data unaddressed by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Samuel Schapiro , Sumuk Shashidhar , Alexi Gladstone , Jonah Black , Royce Moon , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Lav R. Varshney

Large language models (LLMs) often make accurate next token predictions but their confidence in these predictions can be poorly calibrated: high-confidence predictions are frequently wrong, and low-confidence predictions may be correct.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nisarg Parikh , Ananya Sai , Pannaga Shivaswamy , Kunjal Panchal , Andrew Lan

Much of the research focus on AI alignment seeks to align large language models and other foundation models to the context-less and generic values of helpfulness, harmlessness, and honesty. Frontier model providers also strive to align…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Kush R. Varshney , Zahra Ashktorab , Djallel Bouneffouf , Matthew Riemer , Justin D. Weisz

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly operate as autonomous agents that reason over external APIs to perform complex tasks. However, their reliability and agreement remain poorly characterized. We present a unified benchmarking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Eyhab Al-Masri

Language models trained on large-scale corpus often generate content that is harmful, toxic, or contrary to human preferences, making their alignment with human values a critical concern. Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Jixiang Hong , Quan Tu , Changyu Chen , Xing Gao , Ji Zhang , Rui Yan

The trade-off between labeled data availability and downstream accuracy remains a central challenge in fine-tuning large language models (LLMs). We propose a principled framework for \emph{budget-aware supervised fine-tuning} by casting LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jing Wang , Jie Shen , Dean Foster , Zohar Karnin , Jeremy C Weiss

Federated learning promises significant sample-efficiency gains by pooling data across multiple agents, yet incentive misalignment is an obstacle: each update is costly to the contributor but boosts every participant. We introduce a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ariel D. Procaccia , Han Shao , Itai Shapira

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable progress in complex problem-solving tasks. Despite this success, LRMs typically suffer from high computational costs during deployment, highlighting a need for efficient inference. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hao Zeng , Jianguo Huang , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei , Bo An

Alignment via reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has become the dominant paradigm for controlling the quality of outputs from large language models (LLMs). However, existing theories do not provide strong justification for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jihun Yun , Juno Kim , Jongho Park , Junhyuck Kim , Jongha Jon Ryu , Jaewoong Cho , Kwang-Sung Jun

We consider a dense $K$ user Gaussian interference network formed by paired transmitters and receivers placed independently at random in a fixed spatial region. Under natural conditions on the node position distributions and signal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-09-12 Oliver Johnson , Matthew Aldridge , Robert Piechocki

Reward design plays a pivotal role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values, serving as the bridge between feedback signals and model optimization. This survey provides a structured organization of reward modeling and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Miaomiao Ji , Yanqiu Wu , Zhibin Wu , Shoujin Wang , Jian Yang , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

Current large language models (LLMs) excel in verifiable domains where outputs can be checked before action but prove less reliable for high-stakes strategic decisions with uncertain outcomes. This gap, driven by mutually reinforcing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Alejandro R. Jadad

Remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in a variety of tasks brings forth many opportunities as well as challenges of utilizing them in production settings. Towards practical adoption of LLMs, multi-agent systems hold great…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Eser Kandogan , Nikita Bhutani , Sajjadur Rahman , Tom Mitchell , Estevam Hruschka

AI sycophancy is increasingly recognized as a harmful alignment, but research remains fragmented and underdeveloped at the conceptual level. This article redefines AI sycophancy as the tendency of large language models (LLMs) and other…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Lihua Du , Xing Lyu , Lezi Xie , Bo Feng

Given the broad capabilities of large language models, it should be possible to work towards a general-purpose, text-based assistant that is aligned with human values, meaning that it is helpful, honest, and harmless. As an initial foray in…